<p>Stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibrous membranes have emerged as advanced drug-delivery platforms due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, and ability to incorporate mechanisms responsive to pH, temperature, enzymes, redox conditions, light, and magnetic fields. These features enable precise, on-demand, and site-specific therapeutic release suited for a wide range of biomedical applications, including cancer therapy, wound healing, antimicrobial treatment, and implantable or transdermal systems. This review aims to consolidate current progress in stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibrous membranes by discussing recent advancements in fabrication techniques, responsive mechanisms, functionalization strategies, drug-loading methods, and mathematical modelling of release kinetics. Importantly, it also addresses key challenges that limit clinical translation such as biocompatibility concerns, difficulties in large-scale manufacturing, instability of multi-stimuli systems, and regulatory and reproducibility barriers. To provide a clear structure, the review is organised to first introduce the principles of electrospinning and stimuli-responsiveness, followed by sections detailing functionalization approaches, drug-encapsulation strategies, and mechanisms governing release behaviour. Subsequent sections highlight major biomedical applications and critically examine the current gaps in research. Finally, the review discusses emerging directions, including multi-stimuli hybrid platforms, integration with wearable/implantable technologies, and AI-assisted design of next-generation smart nanomembranes. Unlike general reviews on electrospun fibers, this review specifically focuses on electrospun nanofibrous membranes as functional drug-delivery platforms. The discussion emphasizes membrane architecture, porosity, stimuli-responsive behaviour and their relevance in biomedical applications. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive and structured evaluation of the state, challenges, and future prospects of stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibrous membranes, underscoring their potential to enable personalised and programmable drug-delivery solutions within precision medicine.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>