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<p>In this study, CuO NPs (CuO nanoparticles) were successfully synthesized via a microwave-assisted green route using <i>Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.</i> leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The phytochemical constituents of the extract facilitated nanoparticle formation under controlled microwave irradiation, yielding CuO NPs with high purity and crystallinity. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy displayed a prominent absorption peak at ~ 276&#xa0;nm, while XRD confirmed the monoclinic crystalline phase with an average crystallite size of ~ 23&#xa0;nm and ~ 80% crystallinity. SEM analysis revealed predominantly nanorod-like morphology with particle sizes in the 60–120&#xa0;nm range, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed spherical nanoparticles of 20–50&#xa0;nm diameter with uniform dispersion. EDAX spectra validated elemental purity with a CuO atomic ratio of ~ 78.6:21.4. Optical band gap estimation indicated a direct band gap of 3.85&#xa0;eV, higher than bulk CuO, due to quantum confinement effects. To assess biomedical potential, the CuO NPs were evaluated for antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities, exhibiting IC₅₀ = 44.73&#xa0;µg/mL (DPPH) and 44.51&#xa0;µg/mL (α-amylase), competitive with ascorbic acid (35.02&#xa0;µg/mL) and metformin (33.81&#xa0;µg/mL). The nanoparticles exhibited significant diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (79% at 100 µL), comparable to ascorbic acid. Antidiabetic assays demonstrated 81% inhibition at 100&#xa0;µg/mL, closely matching the efficacy of metformin. Anti-inflammatory activity was also notable, with ~ 76% inhibition at 100&#xa0;µg/mL, comparable to aspirin. Against MDR <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>), MIC values were 1.56–3.125&#xa0;µg/mL, outperforming ampicillin. These findings highlight the effectiveness of microwave-assisted green synthesis using <i>L. coromandelica</i> and underscore the potential of CuO NPs as multifunctional agents in biomedical applications. The study contributes to the growing field of sustainable nanotechnology by integrating eco-friendly synthesis with therapeutic relevance.</p>

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Microwave-Assisted Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. -Derived CuO Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Biomedical Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Nasreen Sayed,
  • G. V. Vijayaraghavan,
  • Aafreen Sayed

摘要

In this study, CuO NPs (CuO nanoparticles) were successfully synthesized via a microwave-assisted green route using Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The phytochemical constituents of the extract facilitated nanoparticle formation under controlled microwave irradiation, yielding CuO NPs with high purity and crystallinity. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy displayed a prominent absorption peak at ~ 276 nm, while XRD confirmed the monoclinic crystalline phase with an average crystallite size of ~ 23 nm and ~ 80% crystallinity. SEM analysis revealed predominantly nanorod-like morphology with particle sizes in the 60–120 nm range, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed spherical nanoparticles of 20–50 nm diameter with uniform dispersion. EDAX spectra validated elemental purity with a CuO atomic ratio of ~ 78.6:21.4. Optical band gap estimation indicated a direct band gap of 3.85 eV, higher than bulk CuO, due to quantum confinement effects. To assess biomedical potential, the CuO NPs were evaluated for antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities, exhibiting IC₅₀ = 44.73 µg/mL (DPPH) and 44.51 µg/mL (α-amylase), competitive with ascorbic acid (35.02 µg/mL) and metformin (33.81 µg/mL). The nanoparticles exhibited significant diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (79% at 100 µL), comparable to ascorbic acid. Antidiabetic assays demonstrated 81% inhibition at 100 µg/mL, closely matching the efficacy of metformin. Anti-inflammatory activity was also notable, with ~ 76% inhibition at 100 µg/mL, comparable to aspirin. Against MDR Escherichia coli (E. coli), MIC values were 1.56–3.125 µg/mL, outperforming ampicillin. These findings highlight the effectiveness of microwave-assisted green synthesis using L. coromandelica and underscore the potential of CuO NPs as multifunctional agents in biomedical applications. The study contributes to the growing field of sustainable nanotechnology by integrating eco-friendly synthesis with therapeutic relevance.