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<p>The interface between plant-based bioactive molecules, nanoparticles, and cancer represents an exciting frontier for the discovery of alternative, inexpensive chemotherapeutics. We hypothesized that a combination of embelin with silver nanoparticles encapsulated in a gelatin fibrous sheet would enhance apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells in vitro. An electrospun gelatin scaffold containing embelin-silver nanoparticles was fabricated for this investigation. HPLC, UV spectroscopy, and FTIR were used to characterize embelin (Em) that was isolated from the seeds of <i>Embelia ribes</i> plant in order to verify its purity, λmax, and presence of functional groups. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by chemical reduction and combined with embelin to fabricate Embelin-silver nanoparticles (Em-AgNPs) on a gelatin sheet via electrospinning. Zeta potential, SEM, TEM, FTIR, and EDX were used to characterize the nanoparticles and Em-AgNPs-loaded electrospun sheets. The scaffold's cytotoxicity was evaluated using AO/PI staining in human osteosarcoma cells (MG63). Qualitative analysis, HPLC, FTIR, and spectrophotometry confirmed the presence of embelin in the isolated fraction of <i>Embelia ribes</i>, as evidenced by a distinct peak in HPLC, specific functional groups, and λmax of the isolated fraction. SEM confirmed the spherical shape and aggregation of AgNPs, as well as the colloidal form of Em-AgNPs. Zeta potential (− 24.1&#xa0;mV and − 32.1&#xa0;mV) confirmed that the average particle size was &lt; 150&#xa0;nm, while TEM confirmed that the nanoparticle shape was &lt; 60&#xa0;nm; however, it was aggregated. SEM images of Em-AgNP-encapsulated gelatin sheets showed non-woven fibrous sheets with black particles. In vitro, results confirmed the apoptotic effect of free Em-AgNPs (10&#xa0;μg/ml, 20&#xa0;μg/ml, and 50&#xa0;μg/ml),while the gelatin-loaded Em-AgNPs significantly prevented apoptotic cell death with a significant increase in IL-2 levels. Together, the findings confirmed that the gelatin matrix can prevent Em-AgNPs-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. In conclusion, a gelatin fibrous scaffold loaded with Em-AgNPs can serve as a model to elucidate the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutics.</p>

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Fibrous Gelatin Sheet Loaded with Embelin-Silver Nanoparticle Inhibits Cell Death in Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月15日

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  • Waseem Firose,
  • Shanmathy Somasundaram,
  • Sathish Kumar Arivazhagan Malathi,
  • Lakshmi Sundaram,
  • Hanumantha Rao Balaji Raghavendran

摘要

The interface between plant-based bioactive molecules, nanoparticles, and cancer represents an exciting frontier for the discovery of alternative, inexpensive chemotherapeutics. We hypothesized that a combination of embelin with silver nanoparticles encapsulated in a gelatin fibrous sheet would enhance apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells in vitro. An electrospun gelatin scaffold containing embelin-silver nanoparticles was fabricated for this investigation. HPLC, UV spectroscopy, and FTIR were used to characterize embelin (Em) that was isolated from the seeds of Embelia ribes plant in order to verify its purity, λmax, and presence of functional groups. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by chemical reduction and combined with embelin to fabricate Embelin-silver nanoparticles (Em-AgNPs) on a gelatin sheet via electrospinning. Zeta potential, SEM, TEM, FTIR, and EDX were used to characterize the nanoparticles and Em-AgNPs-loaded electrospun sheets. The scaffold's cytotoxicity was evaluated using AO/PI staining in human osteosarcoma cells (MG63). Qualitative analysis, HPLC, FTIR, and spectrophotometry confirmed the presence of embelin in the isolated fraction of Embelia ribes, as evidenced by a distinct peak in HPLC, specific functional groups, and λmax of the isolated fraction. SEM confirmed the spherical shape and aggregation of AgNPs, as well as the colloidal form of Em-AgNPs. Zeta potential (− 24.1 mV and − 32.1 mV) confirmed that the average particle size was < 150 nm, while TEM confirmed that the nanoparticle shape was < 60 nm; however, it was aggregated. SEM images of Em-AgNP-encapsulated gelatin sheets showed non-woven fibrous sheets with black particles. In vitro, results confirmed the apoptotic effect of free Em-AgNPs (10 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, and 50 μg/ml),while the gelatin-loaded Em-AgNPs significantly prevented apoptotic cell death with a significant increase in IL-2 levels. Together, the findings confirmed that the gelatin matrix can prevent Em-AgNPs-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. In conclusion, a gelatin fibrous scaffold loaded with Em-AgNPs can serve as a model to elucidate the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutics.