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<p>Bone tissue engineering is one of the most promising solutions for fixing large bone defects that are incapable of healing on their own. This relies on the development of scaffolds that are biocompatible, osteoinductive, and mechanically robust to support bone tissue regeneration. In the present study, a novel, sustainable, and biofunctional nanofibrous scaffold was developed using electrospinning method, by incorporating <i>Withania somnifera</i> root extract (WSE) into a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix. <i>Withania somnifera</i> is widely used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is a rich source of withanolides and other biologically active compounds known to exert osteogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, which can synergistically improve scaffold performance and facilitate osteoblast-mediated bone regeneration. The developed scaffolds exhibited uniform, bead-free nanofibers with reduced diameters (301 ± 82–150 ± 60&#xa0;nm) and enhanced porosity due to the incorporation of WS extract as observed by the Scanning Electron Microscope. The strong intermolecular interactions between PVA, TEOS, and WSE components were confirmed by the physicochemical characterizations such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Improved thermal and mechanical properties, with tensile strength reaching 21.82&#xa0;MPa and Young’s modulus of 70.72&#xa0;MPa, were observed, indicating suitability for non-load-bearing applications. A decrease in contact angle from 86.50 ± 0.45° to 65.90 ± 0.43° demonstrated enhanced hydrophilicity, facilitating better cell adhesion. The scaffold also exhibited excellent surface stability and biointerface quality, as indicated by a zeta potential of -83.5&#xa0;mV and particle size of 66.8&#xa0;nm. GC–MS confirmed the presence of osteoinductive bioactives in WSE, and the in vitro biomineralization study readily confirmed the formation of apatite layer on the surface of scaffolds. Further, the drug release profile showed first-order kinetics in a sustained release manner. In vitro assays using MG-63 osteosarcoma cells demonstrated improved cell proliferation and cytocompatibility upon WSE incorporation, thereby supporting the biological functionality. While this study did not include any in vivo or preclinical models, but these results lay the groundwork for future translational studies. The results suggest that the developed PVA-TEOS-WSE nanofibrous scaffolds hold significant promise for bone tissue engineering applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Development of Crosslinked Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanofibrous Scaffolds by Incorporating Withania somnifera for Bone Tissue Engineering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月19日

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  • Shivalila L. Patil,
  • Nandini A. Pattanashetti,
  • Mahadevappa Y. Kariduraganavar

摘要

Bone tissue engineering is one of the most promising solutions for fixing large bone defects that are incapable of healing on their own. This relies on the development of scaffolds that are biocompatible, osteoinductive, and mechanically robust to support bone tissue regeneration. In the present study, a novel, sustainable, and biofunctional nanofibrous scaffold was developed using electrospinning method, by incorporating Withania somnifera root extract (WSE) into a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix. Withania somnifera is widely used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is a rich source of withanolides and other biologically active compounds known to exert osteogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, which can synergistically improve scaffold performance and facilitate osteoblast-mediated bone regeneration. The developed scaffolds exhibited uniform, bead-free nanofibers with reduced diameters (301 ± 82–150 ± 60 nm) and enhanced porosity due to the incorporation of WS extract as observed by the Scanning Electron Microscope. The strong intermolecular interactions between PVA, TEOS, and WSE components were confirmed by the physicochemical characterizations such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Improved thermal and mechanical properties, with tensile strength reaching 21.82 MPa and Young’s modulus of 70.72 MPa, were observed, indicating suitability for non-load-bearing applications. A decrease in contact angle from 86.50 ± 0.45° to 65.90 ± 0.43° demonstrated enhanced hydrophilicity, facilitating better cell adhesion. The scaffold also exhibited excellent surface stability and biointerface quality, as indicated by a zeta potential of -83.5 mV and particle size of 66.8 nm. GC–MS confirmed the presence of osteoinductive bioactives in WSE, and the in vitro biomineralization study readily confirmed the formation of apatite layer on the surface of scaffolds. Further, the drug release profile showed first-order kinetics in a sustained release manner. In vitro assays using MG-63 osteosarcoma cells demonstrated improved cell proliferation and cytocompatibility upon WSE incorporation, thereby supporting the biological functionality. While this study did not include any in vivo or preclinical models, but these results lay the groundwork for future translational studies. The results suggest that the developed PVA-TEOS-WSE nanofibrous scaffolds hold significant promise for bone tissue engineering applications.

Graphical Abstract