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<p>Bone screws are essential components in orthopedic and dental surgeries, facilitating bone healing and stabilizing fixation. The objective of this research was to provide a clear overview of bone—a smart and ever-changing material—along with&#xa0; the&#xa0;mechanics, material properties, and design considerations&#xa0;of bone screws, with a focus on their role in primary and secondary stability, as well as their influence on bone remodeling and healing processes. In this work, first screw mechanics was briefly reviewed. Then, bone was looked at as a dynamic material and structure, and bone remodeling and healing processes were discussed. Next, the common types of bone screws used in orthopedic and dental surgeries along with their unique characteristics and functions, were reviewed. Bone screw stability including, primary/mechanical and secondary/biological was explained and discussed. The importance of bone screw surface topography, at different scales, i.e., macro-, micro-, and nano-scales, on bone screw stability was reviewed. Moreover, here the influence of surgical techniques, screw insertion, and insertion torque on bone screw stability were also reviewed. Finally, the paper highlighted currently employed research methods on bone screws and identified existing challenges and also future directions for improving bone screw efficacy and long-term stability in clinical practice. Due to the lack of a comprehensive review on bone screw biomechanics in the current literature, it is hoped that this work can serve as a resource for advancing research and innovation in bone screw design and application.</p>

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A Simple Machine Inserted into a Complex Material and Structure: A Review on Bone Screws

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月5日

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  • Amir Abbas Moslehi,
  • Gholamreza Rouhi

摘要

Bone screws are essential components in orthopedic and dental surgeries, facilitating bone healing and stabilizing fixation. The objective of this research was to provide a clear overview of bone—a smart and ever-changing material—along with  the mechanics, material properties, and design considerations of bone screws, with a focus on their role in primary and secondary stability, as well as their influence on bone remodeling and healing processes. In this work, first screw mechanics was briefly reviewed. Then, bone was looked at as a dynamic material and structure, and bone remodeling and healing processes were discussed. Next, the common types of bone screws used in orthopedic and dental surgeries along with their unique characteristics and functions, were reviewed. Bone screw stability including, primary/mechanical and secondary/biological was explained and discussed. The importance of bone screw surface topography, at different scales, i.e., macro-, micro-, and nano-scales, on bone screw stability was reviewed. Moreover, here the influence of surgical techniques, screw insertion, and insertion torque on bone screw stability were also reviewed. Finally, the paper highlighted currently employed research methods on bone screws and identified existing challenges and also future directions for improving bone screw efficacy and long-term stability in clinical practice. Due to the lack of a comprehensive review on bone screw biomechanics in the current literature, it is hoped that this work can serve as a resource for advancing research and innovation in bone screw design and application.