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<p>Frequent and non-invasive monitoring of glucose is essential for effective diabetes management, yet conventional blood-based methods remain invasive, costly, and poorly suited for at-home or resource-limited settings. Saliva offers a promising alternative biofluid for diagnostics, but technical challenges related to sensitivity and reproducibility have hindered its clinical adoption. In this study, we report the development of a chemically engineered chitosan polymer functionalized with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (CS-PBA), designed to bind glucose reversibly through boronate–diol interactions and to form an optical complex with Alizarin Red S (ARS). The resulting ARS-CS-PBA complex enables dual-mode detection, via colorimetric absorbance shifts and fluorescence quenching, in response to glucose. The sensor was characterized across a physiologically relevant glucose range in PBS and artificial saliva at pH 7.4 and 9 and further validated in a paper-based format. Fluorescence-based detection demonstrated greater consistency and dynamic response compared to absorbance-based methods. This proof-of-concept study highlights the versatility, tunability, and matrix compatibility of the ARS-CS-PBA system, laying the foundation for future development of low-cost, scalable, and saliva-compatible glucose sensors for non-invasive diagnostics.</p>

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Tailored Boronic Acid-Functionalized Chitosan Polymer Enables Paper-Based, Dual-Mode Optical Glucose Sensing in Saliva

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月22日

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  • Shivam Sharma,
  • Qingqing Lei,
  • Anil Kishen

摘要

Frequent and non-invasive monitoring of glucose is essential for effective diabetes management, yet conventional blood-based methods remain invasive, costly, and poorly suited for at-home or resource-limited settings. Saliva offers a promising alternative biofluid for diagnostics, but technical challenges related to sensitivity and reproducibility have hindered its clinical adoption. In this study, we report the development of a chemically engineered chitosan polymer functionalized with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (CS-PBA), designed to bind glucose reversibly through boronate–diol interactions and to form an optical complex with Alizarin Red S (ARS). The resulting ARS-CS-PBA complex enables dual-mode detection, via colorimetric absorbance shifts and fluorescence quenching, in response to glucose. The sensor was characterized across a physiologically relevant glucose range in PBS and artificial saliva at pH 7.4 and 9 and further validated in a paper-based format. Fluorescence-based detection demonstrated greater consistency and dynamic response compared to absorbance-based methods. This proof-of-concept study highlights the versatility, tunability, and matrix compatibility of the ARS-CS-PBA system, laying the foundation for future development of low-cost, scalable, and saliva-compatible glucose sensors for non-invasive diagnostics.