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<p>Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men worldwide, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. Selenium, an essential trace element with recognized anticancer properties, has gained significant attention in its nanoparticulate form—selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs)—due to their enhanced bioavailability, selective cytotoxicity, and reduced systemic toxicity. This review critically examines the dual role of SeNPs in prostate cancer, highlighting their antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, as well as their ability to modulate key signalling pathways including PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and p53. We further discuss the concentration-dependent nature of SeNPs, wherein low to moderate doses exhibit therapeutic potential, while higher concentrations may induce toxicity or oxidative stress, underscoring the importance of dose optimization. Additionally, the review evaluates the physicochemical characteristics, synthesis methods, and biological behaviour of SeNPs in the context of prostate cancer, emphasizing recent advances in green synthesis and targeted delivery approaches. Challenges such as inconsistent standardization, unclear pharmacokinetics, and limited clinical translation are addressed, alongside recommendations for future research. By integrating molecular insights with emerging preclinical evidence, this review underscores the promise and limitations of SeNPs as a dual-edged nanomedicine for prostate cancer therapy.</p>

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Selenium Nanoparticles in Prostate Cancer: A Dual-Edged Sword of Therapeutic Potential and Toxicity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月30日

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  • Karthik K. Karunakar,
  • Binoy Varghese Cheriyan,
  • H. Shakti,
  • Kunal Kataria,
  • Lincy Yabase,
  • J. Nandhini,
  • P. Devan,
  • M. Suresh Kannan,
  • Madhan Kumar

摘要

Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men worldwide, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. Selenium, an essential trace element with recognized anticancer properties, has gained significant attention in its nanoparticulate form—selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs)—due to their enhanced bioavailability, selective cytotoxicity, and reduced systemic toxicity. This review critically examines the dual role of SeNPs in prostate cancer, highlighting their antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, as well as their ability to modulate key signalling pathways including PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and p53. We further discuss the concentration-dependent nature of SeNPs, wherein low to moderate doses exhibit therapeutic potential, while higher concentrations may induce toxicity or oxidative stress, underscoring the importance of dose optimization. Additionally, the review evaluates the physicochemical characteristics, synthesis methods, and biological behaviour of SeNPs in the context of prostate cancer, emphasizing recent advances in green synthesis and targeted delivery approaches. Challenges such as inconsistent standardization, unclear pharmacokinetics, and limited clinical translation are addressed, alongside recommendations for future research. By integrating molecular insights with emerging preclinical evidence, this review underscores the promise and limitations of SeNPs as a dual-edged nanomedicine for prostate cancer therapy.