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<p>Malaria, a life-threatening, parasitic vector-borne disease, is the primary cause of death and illness in the poor world, impacting millions of people’s quality of life worldwide. According to estimates from the World Health Organization, roughly half of the world’s population, primarily the most disadvantaged are at risk of this disease, which kills about 1–2 million people annually, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where the deadliest malaria (due to <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>) predominates. Non-compliance due to unpalatability and toxicity concerns plus drug resistance are mostly responsible for treatment failures. Furthermore, most available antimalarial agents exhibit poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability, which results in drug-resistant parasites, thereby increasing malaria incidence and eventually, deaths. Hence, new pharmacological options against malarial parasites and unique drug delivery approaches to increase the effectiveness of currently marketed antimalarial medications are needed. Novel non-invasive and user-friendly drug delivery systems such as transdermal nanogels and films have been researched as viable substitutes for traditional systemically applied therapeutics in treating systemic infections, including malaria, so as to attenuate unpalatability, side effects, and toxicity concerns and overcome resistance due to non-compliance<b>.</b> This review provided an overview of malaria and transdermal drug delivery systems, discussed the principles, preparation methods, and characterization techniques for transdermal films and nanogels. In addition, it looked at the limitations of transdermal films and nanogels as drug delivery systems. Moreover, we highlighted various applications of transdermal films and nanogels as drug delivery systems, reviewed recent studies on antimalarial drug-loaded transdermal nanogels and films, and concluded with useful insights on future perspectives.</p>

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Transdermal Films and Nanogels as Toolboxes for Novel Generation of Non-invasive Antimalarial Pharmaceuticals in Dermatology: A Comprehensive Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月11日

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  • Franklin Chimaobi Kenechukwu,
  • Kingsley Chinaza Ugwu,
  • Godwin Chikamso Chukwu,
  • Celestine Chidera Anikwe,
  • Martin Chinonso Okaudu,
  • Mumuni Audu Momoh,
  • Eduardo Ricci-Junior,
  • Anthony Amaechi Attama

摘要

Malaria, a life-threatening, parasitic vector-borne disease, is the primary cause of death and illness in the poor world, impacting millions of people’s quality of life worldwide. According to estimates from the World Health Organization, roughly half of the world’s population, primarily the most disadvantaged are at risk of this disease, which kills about 1–2 million people annually, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where the deadliest malaria (due to Plasmodium falciparum) predominates. Non-compliance due to unpalatability and toxicity concerns plus drug resistance are mostly responsible for treatment failures. Furthermore, most available antimalarial agents exhibit poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability, which results in drug-resistant parasites, thereby increasing malaria incidence and eventually, deaths. Hence, new pharmacological options against malarial parasites and unique drug delivery approaches to increase the effectiveness of currently marketed antimalarial medications are needed. Novel non-invasive and user-friendly drug delivery systems such as transdermal nanogels and films have been researched as viable substitutes for traditional systemically applied therapeutics in treating systemic infections, including malaria, so as to attenuate unpalatability, side effects, and toxicity concerns and overcome resistance due to non-compliance. This review provided an overview of malaria and transdermal drug delivery systems, discussed the principles, preparation methods, and characterization techniques for transdermal films and nanogels. In addition, it looked at the limitations of transdermal films and nanogels as drug delivery systems. Moreover, we highlighted various applications of transdermal films and nanogels as drug delivery systems, reviewed recent studies on antimalarial drug-loaded transdermal nanogels and films, and concluded with useful insights on future perspectives.