<p>As one of the most widely used antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, fluoroquinolones (FQs) have been recognized as environmental contaminants. They promote the dissemination of resistant strains and cause the imbalance in microbial community structures, threatening ecosystem stability and public health. Biodegradation is a promising sustainable approach for FQs removal. Many publications have described their environmental distribution, biodegradation mechanisms, and potential applications under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Few reviews have comprehensively integrated recent progress. This review summarizes current research on FQs biodegradation, focusing on microbial degraders, biodegradation mechanisms, and critical influencing factors. Furthermore, we evaluate existing FQs removal technologies and propose ideas to address challenges in the practical application of FQs biodegradation. Overall, FQs biodegradation is primarily mediated by multiple enzyme systems especially CYP450, and is driven by representative degraders including <i>Pseudomonas</i>, <i>Trametes versicolor</i>, and <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>. Integration with advanced treatment processes can markedly improve performance, achieving up to 94% removal of ciprofloxacin (5&#xa0;mg&#xa0;L⁻¹) within 24&#xa0;h. This review may provide insights into integrating FQs biodegradation into sustainable environmental management practices, and offer a theoretical foundation for risk mitigation and remediation strategies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>