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Purpose <p>Graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle (GO–AgNP) nanocomposites have attracted interest due to the ability of graphene oxide to act as a support for silver nanoparticles and thereby influence their physicochemical and in vitro biological behavior; however, comparative studies integrating physicochemical characterization with cytotoxicity assessment in human cell models remain limited. This study aimed to synthesize a GO–AgNP hybrid and evaluate its effects, along with pristine GO and free AgNPs, in human retinal (ARPE-19), glioblastoma (U-87 MG), and hepatic (HepG2) cell models.</p> Methods <p>GO was prepared using a Hummers method, while AgNPs and GO–AgNPs were synthesized via a tannic-acid/citrate reduction route. The materials were characterized by UV-Vis, Raman, FTIR, AFM, SEM/TEM, ICP OES, and spICP-MS. Cytotoxicity was assessed after 72&#xa0;h using MTT and LDH assays across all three cell models, and IC₅₀ values were determined for HepG2 cells.</p> Results <p>Physicochemical analyses confirmed successful AgNP nucleation on GO sheets, evidenced by the emergence of the 418&#xa0;nm plasmonic band, reduction of the AD/AG Raman ratio, attenuation and shifting of oxygen-related FTIR bands, and uniformly dispersed AgNPs with a mean diameter of ~ 47&#xa0;nm. Biologically, GO remained largely biocompatible, whereas free AgNPs induced strong, dose-dependent metabolic impairment and membrane damage. GO–AgNPs exhibited an intermediate and cell-type-dependent toxicity pattern, with strong attenuation of AgNP effects in ARPE-19 cells, partial attenuation in U-87 MG cells, and a moderate reduction in HepG2 cells. In HepG2, IC₅₀ values followed the expected potency order: AgNP (5.3&#xa0;µg/mL), GO–AgNP (33.4&#xa0;µg/mL), while GO did not reach 50% inhibition within the tested concentration range.</p> Conclusion <p>The synthesized GO–AgNP nanocomposites display well-defined structural features and substantially reduced cytotoxicity compared with free AgNPs, although the extent of attenuation varies by cell lineage. These findings indicate that GO anchoring modulates silver bioactivity in a cell-type-dependent manner under the present in vitro conditions.</p>

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In situ synthesized graphene oxide–silver nanocomposite shows cell-type-dependent modulation of cytotoxicity in human cell lines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Diego Wiechers,
  • Ana Júlia Ferreira Fagundes,
  • Diniz Luiz Portugal de Sousa,
  • Lilian Mamede,
  • Beatriz Kopke de Assis Dal-Cheri,
  • Marcello Pojucan Magaldi Santos,
  • Joyce Araújo,
  • Lísia Maria Gobbo dos Santos,
  • Cristiane Barata-Silva,
  • Clara Muniz S. Almeida,
  • Wanderson de Souza,
  • Leonardo Boldrini,
  • Celso Sant’Anna

摘要

Purpose

Graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle (GO–AgNP) nanocomposites have attracted interest due to the ability of graphene oxide to act as a support for silver nanoparticles and thereby influence their physicochemical and in vitro biological behavior; however, comparative studies integrating physicochemical characterization with cytotoxicity assessment in human cell models remain limited. This study aimed to synthesize a GO–AgNP hybrid and evaluate its effects, along with pristine GO and free AgNPs, in human retinal (ARPE-19), glioblastoma (U-87 MG), and hepatic (HepG2) cell models.

Methods

GO was prepared using a Hummers method, while AgNPs and GO–AgNPs were synthesized via a tannic-acid/citrate reduction route. The materials were characterized by UV-Vis, Raman, FTIR, AFM, SEM/TEM, ICP OES, and spICP-MS. Cytotoxicity was assessed after 72 h using MTT and LDH assays across all three cell models, and IC₅₀ values were determined for HepG2 cells.

Results

Physicochemical analyses confirmed successful AgNP nucleation on GO sheets, evidenced by the emergence of the 418 nm plasmonic band, reduction of the AD/AG Raman ratio, attenuation and shifting of oxygen-related FTIR bands, and uniformly dispersed AgNPs with a mean diameter of ~ 47 nm. Biologically, GO remained largely biocompatible, whereas free AgNPs induced strong, dose-dependent metabolic impairment and membrane damage. GO–AgNPs exhibited an intermediate and cell-type-dependent toxicity pattern, with strong attenuation of AgNP effects in ARPE-19 cells, partial attenuation in U-87 MG cells, and a moderate reduction in HepG2 cells. In HepG2, IC₅₀ values followed the expected potency order: AgNP (5.3 µg/mL), GO–AgNP (33.4 µg/mL), while GO did not reach 50% inhibition within the tested concentration range.

Conclusion

The synthesized GO–AgNP nanocomposites display well-defined structural features and substantially reduced cytotoxicity compared with free AgNPs, although the extent of attenuation varies by cell lineage. These findings indicate that GO anchoring modulates silver bioactivity in a cell-type-dependent manner under the present in vitro conditions.