Purpose <p>To investigate and compare the socio-demographic characteristics, dietary practices, nutritional awareness, and coping behaviours of incarcerated males in two district prisons of Uttar Pradesh, India, and to assess lifestyle, dietary, and adaptive strategies (LDAS) as well as quality control and data reliability (QCDR).</p> Methods <p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 60 male prisoners, with 30 participants selected from each site. Structured questionnaires were used to assess dietary habits, body mass index (BMI), nutritional awareness, physical activity, and substance use. Statistical analyses were applied to determine significant differences between the two prison populations.</p> Results <p>Participants were predominantly in early adulthood, with no significant difference in mean age or BMI between sites. Urban residence was more common in one facility, while rural backgrounds predominated in the other. Nutritional awareness was higher in one group (53.3%) compared to the other (33.3%). Limited access to diet variety and fresh produce was reported across both sites, and only 13.3% of inmates had ever received nutritional counselling. Meal satisfaction and opportunities for physical activity were significantly higher in one prison, with meal satisfaction showing a statistical difference (<i>p</i> = 0.04). Substance use patterns were largely similar, with tobacco being the most reported.</p> Conclusions <p>Findings suggest that institutional factors influence nutritional practices, awareness, and coping behaviours among incarcerated males. Targeted interventions, including structured physical activity programs and nutritional education, may help improve health and well-being in correctional facilities.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>