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<p>High ammonium concentrations in wastewater discharge endanger the marine ecosystem through the eutrophication process. Even though adsorption is a promising treatment for ammonium in wastewater, the pursuit of finding the most effective adsorbent remains challenging. ZnO NPs are the most popular nanoparticles that have been used for pollutant removal in wastewater, but their usage for ammonium has not yet been explored. On the other hand, semiconductor wastewater residue (SWR) consists of good physicochemical properties that can enhance ZnO NPs performance. This paper investigates the green synthesis of ZnO NPs using <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and semiconductor wastewater residue (ZnO NPs-SWR) for ammonium removal. ZnO NPs-SWR adsorbent was characterized using UV–Vis Spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Raman Spectroscopy. ZnO NPs-SWR showed agglomerated nanoparticles with an irregular spherical shape, and the average particle size of 116&#xa0;nm. Its ammonium removal performance was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), considering the effects of dosage, contact time, initial ammonium concentration, and temperature. The optimum ammonium removal efficiency of 98.92% was obtained at a dosage of 0.5&#xa0;g/L, 120&#xa0;min contact time, 10&#xa0;mg/L initial ammonium concentration, and a temperature of 45 ºC. The coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) of 65.7% showed that the model explains a strong relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The lack of fit was significant due to the replicate value of the independent variables from multiple runs. The demonstrated effectiveness of ZnO NPs-SWR makes it a promising adsorbent material for tertiary treatment in domestic wastewater, especially for ammonium removal.</p>

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Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles semiconductor waste residue (ZNO NPs-SWR) for efficient ammonium adsorption from synthetic domestic wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月29日

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  • Ahmad Muzaffar Mohd Rozlee,
  • Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed,
  • Nur Diyana Hairuddin,
  • Ahmer Ali Siyal

摘要

High ammonium concentrations in wastewater discharge endanger the marine ecosystem through the eutrophication process. Even though adsorption is a promising treatment for ammonium in wastewater, the pursuit of finding the most effective adsorbent remains challenging. ZnO NPs are the most popular nanoparticles that have been used for pollutant removal in wastewater, but their usage for ammonium has not yet been explored. On the other hand, semiconductor wastewater residue (SWR) consists of good physicochemical properties that can enhance ZnO NPs performance. This paper investigates the green synthesis of ZnO NPs using Trichoderma harzianum and semiconductor wastewater residue (ZnO NPs-SWR) for ammonium removal. ZnO NPs-SWR adsorbent was characterized using UV–Vis Spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Raman Spectroscopy. ZnO NPs-SWR showed agglomerated nanoparticles with an irregular spherical shape, and the average particle size of 116 nm. Its ammonium removal performance was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), considering the effects of dosage, contact time, initial ammonium concentration, and temperature. The optimum ammonium removal efficiency of 98.92% was obtained at a dosage of 0.5 g/L, 120 min contact time, 10 mg/L initial ammonium concentration, and a temperature of 45 ºC. The coefficient of determination (R2) of 65.7% showed that the model explains a strong relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The lack of fit was significant due to the replicate value of the independent variables from multiple runs. The demonstrated effectiveness of ZnO NPs-SWR makes it a promising adsorbent material for tertiary treatment in domestic wastewater, especially for ammonium removal.