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<p>Achieving stable interfaces remains a major challenge in solid-state sodium-ion batteries because non-uniform Na⁺ transport often induces localized degradation and continuous growth of interfacial resistance. Although structural optimization has been widely investigated, the influence of manufacturing parameters on interfacial ion transport has not been fully elucidated. In this work, pressure-controlled densification is introduced as a manufacturing strategy to regulate the interfacial architecture of nitrogen-doped bio-derived carbon electrodes. Progressive densification transforms the electrode from a porous and discontinuous network into a compact structure with continuous ion-transport pathways, thereby promoting homogeneous Na⁺ redistribution and suppressing localized sodium accumulation. Consequently, the interfacial resistance decreases from 320 Ω to 140 Ω, while resistance growth during prolonged cycling is significantly mitigated. Structural characterization, electrochemical analysis, operando investigation, and post-mortem observations consistently demonstrate that enhanced interfacial continuity effectively minimizes defect formation and stabilizes Na⁺ transport. In addition, nitrogen-containing functional groups optimize the local electronic environment, further facilitating charge-transfer processes across the interface. The optimized electrode delivers capacity retention exceeding 90% together with stable rate performance, demonstrating the effectiveness of the pressure-engineered interface. These findings establish a direct mechanistic relationship between manufacturing-induced densification, ion redistribution, and electrochemical stability, providing a practical and scalable strategy for designing durable solid-state sodium storage systems through manufacturing-controlled interface engineering.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Controlling sodium-ion redistribution through pressure-induced interface densification for stable solid-state sodium storage

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Fitra Ari Aditya,
  • Rawdah Whba,
  • Haibo Li,
  • Annisa Dwi Anggraeni,
  • Devanni Priesha Syahputri

摘要

Achieving stable interfaces remains a major challenge in solid-state sodium-ion batteries because non-uniform Na⁺ transport often induces localized degradation and continuous growth of interfacial resistance. Although structural optimization has been widely investigated, the influence of manufacturing parameters on interfacial ion transport has not been fully elucidated. In this work, pressure-controlled densification is introduced as a manufacturing strategy to regulate the interfacial architecture of nitrogen-doped bio-derived carbon electrodes. Progressive densification transforms the electrode from a porous and discontinuous network into a compact structure with continuous ion-transport pathways, thereby promoting homogeneous Na⁺ redistribution and suppressing localized sodium accumulation. Consequently, the interfacial resistance decreases from 320 Ω to 140 Ω, while resistance growth during prolonged cycling is significantly mitigated. Structural characterization, electrochemical analysis, operando investigation, and post-mortem observations consistently demonstrate that enhanced interfacial continuity effectively minimizes defect formation and stabilizes Na⁺ transport. In addition, nitrogen-containing functional groups optimize the local electronic environment, further facilitating charge-transfer processes across the interface. The optimized electrode delivers capacity retention exceeding 90% together with stable rate performance, demonstrating the effectiveness of the pressure-engineered interface. These findings establish a direct mechanistic relationship between manufacturing-induced densification, ion redistribution, and electrochemical stability, providing a practical and scalable strategy for designing durable solid-state sodium storage systems through manufacturing-controlled interface engineering.

Graphical abstract