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<p>This study presents an experimental investigation on combustion behavior, performance characteristics, and emission profiles of a compression ignition (CI) engine that uses diesel-pine oil blends together with a Cu-ZSM5 zeolite catalytic converter. Pine oil, a non-edible forestry by-product containing inherent oxygen and having high volatility, was blended with diesel at volumetric proportion of 10–50% (DPO10-DPO50). A Cu-ZSM5 catalyst was made through ion-exchange and wash-coated on a cordierite monolith to be used as an exhaust after-treatment. The characterization of fuel properties was done using FTIR, TGA, and the morphology of catalysts was established through the analysis of SEM and XRF. Experiments were carried out on the engines under different loads and with constant operating conditions. DPO50 had the highest in-cylinder peak pressure (59.7&#xa0;bar) and maximum heat release rate (75.7&#xa0;kJ /m<sup>3</sup> °CA) because better atomization and enrichment of oxygen provided improved premixed combustion. At full load conditions, DPO50 exhibited a 7.3% improvement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) along with a 6.35% reduction in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), compared to conventional diesel fuel. However, the elevated combustion temperature associated with DPO50 resulted in NOx emissions. This weakness was successfully overcome by the incorporating the Cu-ZSM5 catalytic converter which resulted in a 71.2% reduction in CO, 68.4% reduction in HC and 59.8% decrease in NOx emissions relative to diesel operation. The findings prove that high-ratio pine oil blending coupled with Cu-ZSM5 catalytic after-treatment is a feasible approach to enhancing thermal efficiency and also lowering regulated emissions in CI engines with no hardware adjustments. This twofold strategy will contribute to the practical implementation of biofuels made out of forestry into sustainable diesel engines.</p>

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Combustion and emission enhancement of diesel–pine oil blends using Cu–ZSM5 catalyst in a CI engine

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • P Rajakrishnamoorthy,
  • M Bakkiyaraj,
  • Nafeena Abdul Munaf,
  • J Ananth,
  • B Swarna,
  • Ashish Agrawal

摘要

This study presents an experimental investigation on combustion behavior, performance characteristics, and emission profiles of a compression ignition (CI) engine that uses diesel-pine oil blends together with a Cu-ZSM5 zeolite catalytic converter. Pine oil, a non-edible forestry by-product containing inherent oxygen and having high volatility, was blended with diesel at volumetric proportion of 10–50% (DPO10-DPO50). A Cu-ZSM5 catalyst was made through ion-exchange and wash-coated on a cordierite monolith to be used as an exhaust after-treatment. The characterization of fuel properties was done using FTIR, TGA, and the morphology of catalysts was established through the analysis of SEM and XRF. Experiments were carried out on the engines under different loads and with constant operating conditions. DPO50 had the highest in-cylinder peak pressure (59.7 bar) and maximum heat release rate (75.7 kJ /m3 °CA) because better atomization and enrichment of oxygen provided improved premixed combustion. At full load conditions, DPO50 exhibited a 7.3% improvement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) along with a 6.35% reduction in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), compared to conventional diesel fuel. However, the elevated combustion temperature associated with DPO50 resulted in NOx emissions. This weakness was successfully overcome by the incorporating the Cu-ZSM5 catalytic converter which resulted in a 71.2% reduction in CO, 68.4% reduction in HC and 59.8% decrease in NOx emissions relative to diesel operation. The findings prove that high-ratio pine oil blending coupled with Cu-ZSM5 catalytic after-treatment is a feasible approach to enhancing thermal efficiency and also lowering regulated emissions in CI engines with no hardware adjustments. This twofold strategy will contribute to the practical implementation of biofuels made out of forestry into sustainable diesel engines.