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<p>The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is an ecological, and environmentally responsible approach; it can serve as an alternative to traditional chemical fabrication methods. This study reported the green synthesis of calcium/iron hybrid nanostructures [Ca/Fe-NPs; (S1)] using lemon peel extract (LPE) as a reducing agent, thereby developing a sustainable method that converts discarded biomass into valuable material. The synthesized Ca/Fe-NPs were loaded with Mangiferin [Ca/Fe-NPs-MGF; (S2)], xanthone compound isolated from <i>Mangifera indica</i>. Although mangiferin has potent antioxidant and anticancer properties, it has poor therapeutic efficacy due to its poor solubility and low bioavailability. After Mangiferin was loaded, they were coated with sodium alginate [Ca/Fe-NPs-MGF-SA; (S3)] to improve the stability and drug release behaviour of the formulation. After all, three formulations were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential, differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), studies pertaining to drug release patterns, cytotoxicity and anti-cancer properties were evaluated. S3 exhibited a biphasic <i>in vitro</i> release of mangiferin with an initial burst followed by sustained release under gastric (pH 2.5) and physiological (pH 7.4) conditions. The results of the DPPH assay revealed that S3 showed decreased free radical scavenging (35.5%) than S2 (45%). The results of the MTT assay on A549 lung cancer cells revealed that the percentage of cell viability was 45% for S2 but 65% for S3 at the highest concentration (1000&#xa0;µg/mL), which indicated that the polymer coating enhanced the biocompatibility of the formulation. Ca/Fe-NPs-MGF-SA synthesized in this study, demonstrated several key advantages, including a simple and eco-friendly synthesis process, slow-release profiles, and high biocompatibility. Therefore, this approach can be used for encapsulating phytochemicals such as MGF to improve their therapeutic potential.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Biosynthesis, pH responsive release, and bioactivities of mangiferin functionalized calcium/iron hybrid nanostructures

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月11日

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  • Tanu Dixit,
  • Trutuja Gawas,
  • Mansi Sawardekar,
  • Aditi Gaonkar,
  • Selvan Ravindran

摘要

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is an ecological, and environmentally responsible approach; it can serve as an alternative to traditional chemical fabrication methods. This study reported the green synthesis of calcium/iron hybrid nanostructures [Ca/Fe-NPs; (S1)] using lemon peel extract (LPE) as a reducing agent, thereby developing a sustainable method that converts discarded biomass into valuable material. The synthesized Ca/Fe-NPs were loaded with Mangiferin [Ca/Fe-NPs-MGF; (S2)], xanthone compound isolated from Mangifera indica. Although mangiferin has potent antioxidant and anticancer properties, it has poor therapeutic efficacy due to its poor solubility and low bioavailability. After Mangiferin was loaded, they were coated with sodium alginate [Ca/Fe-NPs-MGF-SA; (S3)] to improve the stability and drug release behaviour of the formulation. After all, three formulations were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential, differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), studies pertaining to drug release patterns, cytotoxicity and anti-cancer properties were evaluated. S3 exhibited a biphasic in vitro release of mangiferin with an initial burst followed by sustained release under gastric (pH 2.5) and physiological (pH 7.4) conditions. The results of the DPPH assay revealed that S3 showed decreased free radical scavenging (35.5%) than S2 (45%). The results of the MTT assay on A549 lung cancer cells revealed that the percentage of cell viability was 45% for S2 but 65% for S3 at the highest concentration (1000 µg/mL), which indicated that the polymer coating enhanced the biocompatibility of the formulation. Ca/Fe-NPs-MGF-SA synthesized in this study, demonstrated several key advantages, including a simple and eco-friendly synthesis process, slow-release profiles, and high biocompatibility. Therefore, this approach can be used for encapsulating phytochemicals such as MGF to improve their therapeutic potential.

Graphical abstract