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<p>Environmental concerns in cement production, driven by carbon dioxide emissions, have intensified. Traditionally, fly ash (FA)-based geopolymer mortars required high-temperature curing, which is impractical. This study explores incorporating 10%, 20%, and 30% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) into FA-based geopolymers to enable room-temperature curing, enhancing practicality and energy efficiency. Eco-friendly materials, including palm oil clinker (POC) sand and eco-processed pozzolana (EPP), were also utilized. Key assessments covered density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed 20% and 30% GGBS significantly improved compressive strength by 76% at 7 days and 56% at 28 days. The 30% GGBS mix enhanced density by 6.1% and UPV by 12% at 28 days. Microstructural analysis confirmed the formation of calcium silicate hydrate gel, which densified the matrix. POC sand reduced density but produced lightweight mortars aligning with international standards. Ambient temperature curing reduced costs by ~ $6 per cubic meter. FA-GGBS geopolymer mortars with EPP and POC sand offer sustainable, cost–effective construction alternatives with improved strength and energy savings.</p>

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Impact of ground granular blast slag proportioning in fly ash geopolymer mortars with eco-processed pozzolana and palm oil clinker sand

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月10日

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  • Adel Kassem Farag Gaddafi

摘要

Environmental concerns in cement production, driven by carbon dioxide emissions, have intensified. Traditionally, fly ash (FA)-based geopolymer mortars required high-temperature curing, which is impractical. This study explores incorporating 10%, 20%, and 30% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) into FA-based geopolymers to enable room-temperature curing, enhancing practicality and energy efficiency. Eco-friendly materials, including palm oil clinker (POC) sand and eco-processed pozzolana (EPP), were also utilized. Key assessments covered density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed 20% and 30% GGBS significantly improved compressive strength by 76% at 7 days and 56% at 28 days. The 30% GGBS mix enhanced density by 6.1% and UPV by 12% at 28 days. Microstructural analysis confirmed the formation of calcium silicate hydrate gel, which densified the matrix. POC sand reduced density but produced lightweight mortars aligning with international standards. Ambient temperature curing reduced costs by ~ $6 per cubic meter. FA-GGBS geopolymer mortars with EPP and POC sand offer sustainable, cost–effective construction alternatives with improved strength and energy savings.