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<p>Pharmaceutical pollutants, particularly antibiotics such as doxycycline hyclate, are emerging contaminants of serious environmental concern due to their persistence in water bodies, potential ecotoxicity, and contribution to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Conventional wastewater treatment processes often fail to effectively remove such compounds, leading to their continuous discharge into aquatic environments. In the present study, the degradation of doxycycline hyclate in aqueous solution was investigated using ultrasound-assisted advanced oxidation processes based on acoustic cavitation in combination with chemical oxidants. A Dakshin ultrasonic probe operating at 22&#xa0;kHz was used, and the effects of ultrasonic power, treatment time, solution pH, and duty cycle were systematically evaluated. Parameter optimization revealed that acidic pH, ultrasonic power as 120&#xa0;W and a duty cycle of 50% elucidated as best conditions resulted in improved degradation performance. The degradation efficiency was further enhanced by combining ultrasound with oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, potassium permanganate, and sodium hypochlorite. Ultrasound alone resulted in limited degradation (up to approximately 20%), whereas synergistic ultrasound–oxidant systems significantly improved the removal efficiency. Hydrogen peroxide and persulfates showed moderate enhancement (approximately 40–60% degradation), while sodium hypochlorite led to the complete disappearance of the parent doxycycline hyclate peak under HPLC detection conditions. Toxicity assessment using agar diffusion assays demonstrated a substantial reduction in the antimicrobial activity of treated samples, indicating effective detoxification. Overall, the results suggest that ultrasound-assisted oxidation processes have strong potential as an environmentally friendly treatment approach for remediating antibiotic-contaminated wastewater.</p>

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Intensified degradation of doxycycline hyclate using ultrasonic reactors combined with oxidants

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Shraddha B. Bhalerao,
  • Parag R. Gogate

摘要

Pharmaceutical pollutants, particularly antibiotics such as doxycycline hyclate, are emerging contaminants of serious environmental concern due to their persistence in water bodies, potential ecotoxicity, and contribution to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Conventional wastewater treatment processes often fail to effectively remove such compounds, leading to their continuous discharge into aquatic environments. In the present study, the degradation of doxycycline hyclate in aqueous solution was investigated using ultrasound-assisted advanced oxidation processes based on acoustic cavitation in combination with chemical oxidants. A Dakshin ultrasonic probe operating at 22 kHz was used, and the effects of ultrasonic power, treatment time, solution pH, and duty cycle were systematically evaluated. Parameter optimization revealed that acidic pH, ultrasonic power as 120 W and a duty cycle of 50% elucidated as best conditions resulted in improved degradation performance. The degradation efficiency was further enhanced by combining ultrasound with oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, potassium permanganate, and sodium hypochlorite. Ultrasound alone resulted in limited degradation (up to approximately 20%), whereas synergistic ultrasound–oxidant systems significantly improved the removal efficiency. Hydrogen peroxide and persulfates showed moderate enhancement (approximately 40–60% degradation), while sodium hypochlorite led to the complete disappearance of the parent doxycycline hyclate peak under HPLC detection conditions. Toxicity assessment using agar diffusion assays demonstrated a substantial reduction in the antimicrobial activity of treated samples, indicating effective detoxification. Overall, the results suggest that ultrasound-assisted oxidation processes have strong potential as an environmentally friendly treatment approach for remediating antibiotic-contaminated wastewater.