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<p>Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are decentralized wireless systems and their topology is flexible, with no fixed infrastructure, and their mobile nodes are less powerful and resource-constrained. MANETs are widely accepted in areas like disaster response, military communications, and IoT environments, MANETs also encounter significant challenges like routing instability, security vulnerabilities, energy constraints, and scalability limitations. In this paper, a systematic and integrated review of MANET research that have been published from 2000 until 2025, covering routing protocols, security mechanisms and energy-efficient strategies, is reported. Contrary to the current surveys concentrating only on a small number of different factors, compared performance is compared by key criteria, including packet delivery ratio, delay, routing overhead, and energy consumption. In addition, this study reviews the contribution of intelligent methods such as machine learning, fuzzy logic, game theory, and blockchain to the improvement of MANET performance. Cross-layer optimization, scalability in heterogeneous IoT environments and adaptive secure routing are highlighted as important research gaps. Lastly, it describes future research avenues to create robust, scalable, and intelligent MANET infrastructures for the next generation of applications.</p>

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Evolving MANETs toward secure, scalable, and intelligent networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Dhananjay Bisen,
  • Praneet Saurabh,
  • Dhruv Pradeep Chhajed,
  • Pallavi Pallavi,
  • Alpana Suman

摘要

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are decentralized wireless systems and their topology is flexible, with no fixed infrastructure, and their mobile nodes are less powerful and resource-constrained. MANETs are widely accepted in areas like disaster response, military communications, and IoT environments, MANETs also encounter significant challenges like routing instability, security vulnerabilities, energy constraints, and scalability limitations. In this paper, a systematic and integrated review of MANET research that have been published from 2000 until 2025, covering routing protocols, security mechanisms and energy-efficient strategies, is reported. Contrary to the current surveys concentrating only on a small number of different factors, compared performance is compared by key criteria, including packet delivery ratio, delay, routing overhead, and energy consumption. In addition, this study reviews the contribution of intelligent methods such as machine learning, fuzzy logic, game theory, and blockchain to the improvement of MANET performance. Cross-layer optimization, scalability in heterogeneous IoT environments and adaptive secure routing are highlighted as important research gaps. Lastly, it describes future research avenues to create robust, scalable, and intelligent MANET infrastructures for the next generation of applications.