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<p>Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely used for micropollutant removal from water; however, their environmental burdens at the laboratory scale remain unquantified, creating uncertainty about sustainability and scale-up decisions. This concern is particularly relevant in fossil-fuelled systems, where energy- and oxidant-intensive treatments may shift environmental impacts upstream. To address this gap, the present study conducted an integrated life cycle and techno-economic assessment of a microbubble-assisted persulfate system (MB+PS+CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) for pharmaceutical wastewater under Indian conditions. Optimized operation (pH 3, 0.30&#xa0;mM persulfate, 1 LPM O<sub>2</sub> flow rate) achieved 98% ciprofloxacin degradation within 30&#xa0;min. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed using SimaPro (v10.2) in accordance with the ISO 14040/14044 standards. A gate-to-gate boundary was adopted, and the functional unit was defined as treating 1 m<sup>3</sup> of wastewater, achieving a ≥ 98% removal efficiency. Environmental impacts were evaluated using ReCiPe 2016 (H) and IMPACT World+ at midpoint and endpoint levels across 18 categories, including climate change, ecotoxicity, human toxicity, eutrophication, particulate matter formation, ozone depletion, and resource scarcity. The global warming potential was 1.58 × 10<sup>–2</sup>&#xa0;kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq, with electricity use and persulfate production identified as the dominant hotspots. The endpoint damage indicators showed minimal aggregated impacts, supporting the techno-environmental feasibility of the system for sustainable scale-up.</p>

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Life cycle and economic assessment of a microbubble-persulfate system for pharmaceutical removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Arunima Singh,
  • Snigdha Khuntia

摘要

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely used for micropollutant removal from water; however, their environmental burdens at the laboratory scale remain unquantified, creating uncertainty about sustainability and scale-up decisions. This concern is particularly relevant in fossil-fuelled systems, where energy- and oxidant-intensive treatments may shift environmental impacts upstream. To address this gap, the present study conducted an integrated life cycle and techno-economic assessment of a microbubble-assisted persulfate system (MB+PS+CoFe2O4) for pharmaceutical wastewater under Indian conditions. Optimized operation (pH 3, 0.30 mM persulfate, 1 LPM O2 flow rate) achieved 98% ciprofloxacin degradation within 30 min. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed using SimaPro (v10.2) in accordance with the ISO 14040/14044 standards. A gate-to-gate boundary was adopted, and the functional unit was defined as treating 1 m3 of wastewater, achieving a ≥ 98% removal efficiency. Environmental impacts were evaluated using ReCiPe 2016 (H) and IMPACT World+ at midpoint and endpoint levels across 18 categories, including climate change, ecotoxicity, human toxicity, eutrophication, particulate matter formation, ozone depletion, and resource scarcity. The global warming potential was 1.58 × 10–2 kg CO2-eq, with electricity use and persulfate production identified as the dominant hotspots. The endpoint damage indicators showed minimal aggregated impacts, supporting the techno-environmental feasibility of the system for sustainable scale-up.