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<p>Nitrate is a highly water-soluble ion that causes a common environmental pollution that often leads to eutrophication, posing risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Nitrate ions (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) enter water sources through sewage, and when present in high concentrations, they can have detrimental effects. Therefore, it necessitates developing efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly methods for reducing nitrate concentrations in various groundwater samples, including drinking water and ambient water. This study introduces a novel approach to synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs) using the wet chemical method. The process capitalizes on the reduction capabilities of <i>Mangifera indica</i> flower extract for synthesizing Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs through an eco-friendly green synthesis method, which is employed to reduce nitrate levels in groundwater. The synthesized NPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming their nanoscale size, spherical shape, and crystalline nature. The XRD measurements of the nanoparticle powder confirmed the formation of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs, with an average crystalline size of 11.359&#xa0;nm. Three different dosages of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs (20&#xa0;μg/mL, 40&#xa0;μg/mL, and 60&#xa0;μg/mL) were used as adsorbents in three conical flasks, each containing 50&#xa0;mL of groundwater samples to remove the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> ion. The maximum removal of 90% of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> was achieved in GW4 using a 60&#xa0;μg/mL dose of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs, followed by a 65% removal in the 40&#xa0;μg/mL dose. The study presents the first report on synthesizing α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs from <i>M. indica</i> flower extract, a revolutionary, green-manufactured method for removing nitrate from groundwater samples at different nitrate concentrations using various dosages of NPs. The study reveals that the nitrate removal percentage increases with the dose of α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs, possibly due to the presence of phytochemicals in <i>Mangifera indica</i> stabilized α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs, and the plausible conversion of nitrate into nitrite and ammonium. Applying <i>Mangifera indica</i> flower extract-mediated α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs is an eco-friendly, low-cost, non-toxic, and biocompatible method for removing nitrates from groundwater in Sohagpur coal mining areas. The report suggests a simple way to remove nitrates from groundwater using α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles without pH adjustment or a buffer solution, which could be a meaningful addition to existing methods.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Understanding the nitrate accumulation and its removal by adsorption from groundwater in Sohagpur coal mining areas using green synthesized iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Bhairo Prasad Ahirvar,
  • Jagdish Prasad Prajapati,
  • Piyali Sabui,
  • Akif Muhammed,
  • Pallavi Das,
  • Sadhucharan Mallick

摘要

Nitrate is a highly water-soluble ion that causes a common environmental pollution that often leads to eutrophication, posing risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Nitrate ions (NO3−) enter water sources through sewage, and when present in high concentrations, they can have detrimental effects. Therefore, it necessitates developing efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly methods for reducing nitrate concentrations in various groundwater samples, including drinking water and ambient water. This study introduces a novel approach to synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) using the wet chemical method. The process capitalizes on the reduction capabilities of Mangifera indica flower extract for synthesizing Fe2O3 NPs through an eco-friendly green synthesis method, which is employed to reduce nitrate levels in groundwater. The synthesized NPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming their nanoscale size, spherical shape, and crystalline nature. The XRD measurements of the nanoparticle powder confirmed the formation of Fe2O3 NPs, with an average crystalline size of 11.359 nm. Three different dosages of Fe2O3 NPs (20 μg/mL, 40 μg/mL, and 60 μg/mL) were used as adsorbents in three conical flasks, each containing 50 mL of groundwater samples to remove the NO3− ion. The maximum removal of 90% of NO3− was achieved in GW4 using a 60 μg/mL dose of Fe2O3 NPs, followed by a 65% removal in the 40 μg/mL dose. The study presents the first report on synthesizing α-Fe2O3 NPs from M. indica flower extract, a revolutionary, green-manufactured method for removing nitrate from groundwater samples at different nitrate concentrations using various dosages of NPs. The study reveals that the nitrate removal percentage increases with the dose of α-Fe2O3 NPs, possibly due to the presence of phytochemicals in Mangifera indica stabilized α-Fe2O3 NPs, and the plausible conversion of nitrate into nitrite and ammonium. Applying Mangifera indica flower extract-mediated α-Fe2O3 NPs is an eco-friendly, low-cost, non-toxic, and biocompatible method for removing nitrates from groundwater in Sohagpur coal mining areas. The report suggests a simple way to remove nitrates from groundwater using α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles without pH adjustment or a buffer solution, which could be a meaningful addition to existing methods.

Graphical abstract