<p>Text-to-image (TTI) models are increasingly used in professional, educational, and creative contexts, yet their outputs often embed and amplify social stereotypes. This paper investigates gender representation in six state-of-the-art open-weight models: <i>HunyuanImage 2.1</i>, <i>HiDream-I1-dev</i>, <i>Qwen-Image</i>, <i>FLUX.1-dev</i>, <i>Stable-Diffusion 3.5 Large</i>, and <i>Stable-Diffusion-XL</i>. Using carefully designed prompts, we generated 100 images for each combination of five hospital-related professions (cardiologist, hospital director, nurse, paramedic, surgeon) and five portrait qualifiers (<Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">""</Emphasis>, <Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">corporate</Emphasis>, <Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">neutral</Emphasis>, <Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">aesthetic</Emphasis>, <Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">beautiful</Emphasis>). Our analysis reveals systematic occupational stereotypes: all models produced nurses exclusively as women and surgeons predominantly as men. However, differences emerge across models: <i>Qwen-Image</i> and <i>SDXL</i> enforce rigid male dominance, <i>HiDream-I1-dev</i> shows mixed outcomes, and <i>FLUX.1-dev</i> skews female in most roles. <i>HunyuanImage 2.1</i> and <i>Stable-Diffusion 3.5 Large</i> also reproduce gender stereotypes but with varying degrees of sensitivity to prompt formulation. Portrait qualifiers further modulate gender ratio, with terms like <Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">corporate</Emphasis> reinforcing male depictions and <Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">beautiful</Emphasis> favoring female ones. Sensitivity varies widely: <i>Qwen-Image</i> remains nearly unaffected, while <i>FLUX.1-dev</i>, <i>SDXL</i>, and <i>SD3.5</i> show strong prompt dependence. These findings demonstrate that gender stereotype in TTI models is both systematic and model-specific. Beyond documenting disparities, we argue that prompt wording plays a critical role in shaping demographic outcomes. The results underscore the need for bias-aware design, balanced defaults, and user guidance to prevent the reinforcement of occupational stereotypes in generative AI.</p>

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Beyond the prompt: gender ratio in text-to-image models, with a case study on hospital professions

  • Franck Vandewiele,
  • Rémi Synave,
  • Samuel Delepoulle,
  • Rémi Cozot

摘要

Text-to-image (TTI) models are increasingly used in professional, educational, and creative contexts, yet their outputs often embed and amplify social stereotypes. This paper investigates gender representation in six state-of-the-art open-weight models: HunyuanImage 2.1, HiDream-I1-dev, Qwen-Image, FLUX.1-dev, Stable-Diffusion 3.5 Large, and Stable-Diffusion-XL. Using carefully designed prompts, we generated 100 images for each combination of five hospital-related professions (cardiologist, hospital director, nurse, paramedic, surgeon) and five portrait qualifiers ("", corporate, neutral, aesthetic, beautiful). Our analysis reveals systematic occupational stereotypes: all models produced nurses exclusively as women and surgeons predominantly as men. However, differences emerge across models: Qwen-Image and SDXL enforce rigid male dominance, HiDream-I1-dev shows mixed outcomes, and FLUX.1-dev skews female in most roles. HunyuanImage 2.1 and Stable-Diffusion 3.5 Large also reproduce gender stereotypes but with varying degrees of sensitivity to prompt formulation. Portrait qualifiers further modulate gender ratio, with terms like corporate reinforcing male depictions and beautiful favoring female ones. Sensitivity varies widely: Qwen-Image remains nearly unaffected, while FLUX.1-dev, SDXL, and SD3.5 show strong prompt dependence. These findings demonstrate that gender stereotype in TTI models is both systematic and model-specific. Beyond documenting disparities, we argue that prompt wording plays a critical role in shaping demographic outcomes. The results underscore the need for bias-aware design, balanced defaults, and user guidance to prevent the reinforcement of occupational stereotypes in generative AI.