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<p>Emerging brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies powered by artificial intelligence (AI) can retrieve, store, and analyze human neuro data. Originally designed for managing disabilities disconnecting the brain from motor neural control, these technologies are being developed for wider use without clear ethical frameworks. This paper examines ethical and legal implications of AI-based BCIs and evaluates their prospects in Japan. It presents findings from a national survey of 2000 Japanese citizens regarding healthcare AI perceptions and another survey of 228 university students from Japan and other Asian countries regarding neuro-ethics and neuro-privacy awareness. The national survey includes 36 questions about citizens’ healthcare needs, services, AI familiarity, AI use in healthcare, new technologies, and ethical issues surrounding healthcare AI. Analysis demonstrates the Japanese population has limited AI and smart technology knowledge, trusts the healthcare system and physicians to use it properly, and has few concerns about potential pitfalls of new healthcare technologies. Nevertheless, they worry about privacy intrusion and prefer human resources over AI in healthcare. The university survey reveals Japanese youth are less aware of and concerned about ethical risks associated with BCIs compared with peers from other Asian countries. This reveals a notable gap between public perceptions and ethical and legal challenges highlighted in literature, underscoring the need for governance frameworks safeguarding core dimensions of the human condition, including autonomy, dignity, and self-determination. The study recommends AI-assisted medical tools be audited by engineers, ethicists, and legal experts, guided by human-centered ethical values and deployed under physician oversight.</p>

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Neuro-ethical AI and public perceptions of healthcare AI in Japan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Hiroshi Miyashita,
  • Hasan Erbay,
  • Nader Ghotbi

摘要

Emerging brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies powered by artificial intelligence (AI) can retrieve, store, and analyze human neuro data. Originally designed for managing disabilities disconnecting the brain from motor neural control, these technologies are being developed for wider use without clear ethical frameworks. This paper examines ethical and legal implications of AI-based BCIs and evaluates their prospects in Japan. It presents findings from a national survey of 2000 Japanese citizens regarding healthcare AI perceptions and another survey of 228 university students from Japan and other Asian countries regarding neuro-ethics and neuro-privacy awareness. The national survey includes 36 questions about citizens’ healthcare needs, services, AI familiarity, AI use in healthcare, new technologies, and ethical issues surrounding healthcare AI. Analysis demonstrates the Japanese population has limited AI and smart technology knowledge, trusts the healthcare system and physicians to use it properly, and has few concerns about potential pitfalls of new healthcare technologies. Nevertheless, they worry about privacy intrusion and prefer human resources over AI in healthcare. The university survey reveals Japanese youth are less aware of and concerned about ethical risks associated with BCIs compared with peers from other Asian countries. This reveals a notable gap between public perceptions and ethical and legal challenges highlighted in literature, underscoring the need for governance frameworks safeguarding core dimensions of the human condition, including autonomy, dignity, and self-determination. The study recommends AI-assisted medical tools be audited by engineers, ethicists, and legal experts, guided by human-centered ethical values and deployed under physician oversight.