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<p>Globally, the building sector—particularly residential—contributes significantly to carbon emissions. Consequently, Green Architecture has evolved from a narrow focus on energy efficiency to a multidimensional framework integrating policy, economic, cultural, and technological dimensions. This study synthesises global trends and regional case studies to evaluate green building strategies, certification systems, and financial mechanisms across diverse market conditions. Using a comprehensive literature search—though quantitative meta-analysis was unfeasible due to methodological fragmentation—this narrative review employs a critical thematic synthesis. Our analysis reveals that international certifications (e.g., LEED, BREEAM) are successful in mature economies with strong governance, whereas local tools (e.g., GRIHA) and vernacular traditions offer more accessible and climate-adapted alternatives in emerging contexts. Financial instruments, such as stable government subsidies and public-private partnerships, are crucial for overcoming capital barriers, especially in middle-income nations. Despite this progress, integrated sustainable architecture faces persistent challenges, including high upfront costs, regulatory gaps, cultural inertia, and ethical concerns regarding digital building systems. Ultimately, findings indicate that green architecture is not universally transferable; it must be rigorously tailored to local ecological and institutional realities. This study provides a comparative framework aligning policy, finance, and design to advance global sustainable architecture.</p>

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A narrative review of the socioeconomic and regulatory drivers shaping global green architecture

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Álvaro Guil-Laynez,
  • José Luis Guil-Guerrero,
  • Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro

摘要

Globally, the building sector—particularly residential—contributes significantly to carbon emissions. Consequently, Green Architecture has evolved from a narrow focus on energy efficiency to a multidimensional framework integrating policy, economic, cultural, and technological dimensions. This study synthesises global trends and regional case studies to evaluate green building strategies, certification systems, and financial mechanisms across diverse market conditions. Using a comprehensive literature search—though quantitative meta-analysis was unfeasible due to methodological fragmentation—this narrative review employs a critical thematic synthesis. Our analysis reveals that international certifications (e.g., LEED, BREEAM) are successful in mature economies with strong governance, whereas local tools (e.g., GRIHA) and vernacular traditions offer more accessible and climate-adapted alternatives in emerging contexts. Financial instruments, such as stable government subsidies and public-private partnerships, are crucial for overcoming capital barriers, especially in middle-income nations. Despite this progress, integrated sustainable architecture faces persistent challenges, including high upfront costs, regulatory gaps, cultural inertia, and ethical concerns regarding digital building systems. Ultimately, findings indicate that green architecture is not universally transferable; it must be rigorously tailored to local ecological and institutional realities. This study provides a comparative framework aligning policy, finance, and design to advance global sustainable architecture.