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<p>Understanding sustainability requires analytical frameworks capable of integrating environmental, innovation and fiscal dimensions rather than examining them separately. This study develops an integrated empirical framework to identify latent sustainability dimensions, classify European Union Member States according to their sustainability profiles and examine the statistical association between these dimensions and energy productivity. The analysis is based on a balanced panel of the 27 European Union Member States covering the period 2013–2023. Principal Component Analysis is used to extract latent sustainability dimensions, whose robustness is evaluated through alternative rotation methods and temporal stability analyses. The resulting factor scores are subsequently employed in K-means clustering to identify homogeneous sustainability profiles and in panel regression analysis with robust estimators to assess their statistical association with energy productivity. Three robust latent sustainability dimensions are identified, representing Environmental pressure and resource-use intensity, Innovation capacity and public fiscal effort, and Corporate tax policy. The factor structure remains stable across alternative model specifications and temporal subsamples, supporting the robustness of the proposed framework. The clustering analysis reveals three distinct sustainability profiles, highlighting substantial structural heterogeneity among European Union Member States. Panel regression results indicate a positive statistical association between Innovation capacity and public fiscal effort and energy productivity, whereas Corporate tax policy exhibits a robust negative association. In contrast, Environmental pressure and resource-use intensity does not retain an independent statistically significant association after controlling for the remaining dimensions. By integrating dimensionality reduction, country classification and panel econometric analysis, the proposed framework extends comparative sustainability assessment and provides an empirical basis for developing differentiated sustainability policies that reflect the structural diversity of European Union Member States.</p>

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An integrated analytical framework for assessing latent sustainability dimensions across European Union Member States

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Puiu Lucian Georgescu,
  • Monica Laura Zlati,
  • Costinela Fortea,
  • Valentin-Marian Antohi,
  • Nicoleta Barbuta-Misu

摘要

Understanding sustainability requires analytical frameworks capable of integrating environmental, innovation and fiscal dimensions rather than examining them separately. This study develops an integrated empirical framework to identify latent sustainability dimensions, classify European Union Member States according to their sustainability profiles and examine the statistical association between these dimensions and energy productivity. The analysis is based on a balanced panel of the 27 European Union Member States covering the period 2013–2023. Principal Component Analysis is used to extract latent sustainability dimensions, whose robustness is evaluated through alternative rotation methods and temporal stability analyses. The resulting factor scores are subsequently employed in K-means clustering to identify homogeneous sustainability profiles and in panel regression analysis with robust estimators to assess their statistical association with energy productivity. Three robust latent sustainability dimensions are identified, representing Environmental pressure and resource-use intensity, Innovation capacity and public fiscal effort, and Corporate tax policy. The factor structure remains stable across alternative model specifications and temporal subsamples, supporting the robustness of the proposed framework. The clustering analysis reveals three distinct sustainability profiles, highlighting substantial structural heterogeneity among European Union Member States. Panel regression results indicate a positive statistical association between Innovation capacity and public fiscal effort and energy productivity, whereas Corporate tax policy exhibits a robust negative association. In contrast, Environmental pressure and resource-use intensity does not retain an independent statistically significant association after controlling for the remaining dimensions. By integrating dimensionality reduction, country classification and panel econometric analysis, the proposed framework extends comparative sustainability assessment and provides an empirical basis for developing differentiated sustainability policies that reflect the structural diversity of European Union Member States.