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<p><?tk 1?>The global energy sector is undergoing a major transition driven by increasing concerns regarding energy security, environmental degradation, and climate change caused by the uncontrolled use of fossil fuels. During this energy transition phase, biofuels have gained increasing attention as an essential alternative to fossil fuels, offering renewable and comparatively lower-carbon alternatives. This review provides a chronological overview of the rise of biofuels, from early developments to present-day innovations, while analysing the major drivers of this shift. The necessity of this transition is highlighted using the Hubbert Peak Theory and the current energy crisis brought about by the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. This review adopts a PRISMA 2020-guided systematic framework and integrates lifecycle assessment (LCA) perspectives to enhance methodological transparency, comparability, and policy relevance. Major international policy initiatives influencing biofuel development are highlighted along with their impact on global biofuel markets, while also drawing attention to the technological, economic, and infrastructural challenges that continue to constrain the biofuel industry's growth. Significant milestones are discussed in the development and innovation of biofuels, and the roles of researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers in shaping a sustainable, Net Zero Emissions future. By analysing the timeline of biofuels' progress amid severe global challenges, this review provides a holistic perspective for assessing their transformative potential in biotechnology and energy shifts. The review concludes by recommending future research directions and policies to enable the integration of biofuels into a low-carbon economy.</p> Graphical abstract

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Biofuels in the global energy transition through sustainability life cycle assessment and policy perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Shalini Bhattacharyya,
  • Ramesh Pathy Manian

摘要

The global energy sector is undergoing a major transition driven by increasing concerns regarding energy security, environmental degradation, and climate change caused by the uncontrolled use of fossil fuels. During this energy transition phase, biofuels have gained increasing attention as an essential alternative to fossil fuels, offering renewable and comparatively lower-carbon alternatives. This review provides a chronological overview of the rise of biofuels, from early developments to present-day innovations, while analysing the major drivers of this shift. The necessity of this transition is highlighted using the Hubbert Peak Theory and the current energy crisis brought about by the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. This review adopts a PRISMA 2020-guided systematic framework and integrates lifecycle assessment (LCA) perspectives to enhance methodological transparency, comparability, and policy relevance. Major international policy initiatives influencing biofuel development are highlighted along with their impact on global biofuel markets, while also drawing attention to the technological, economic, and infrastructural challenges that continue to constrain the biofuel industry's growth. Significant milestones are discussed in the development and innovation of biofuels, and the roles of researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers in shaping a sustainable, Net Zero Emissions future. By analysing the timeline of biofuels' progress amid severe global challenges, this review provides a holistic perspective for assessing their transformative potential in biotechnology and energy shifts. The review concludes by recommending future research directions and policies to enable the integration of biofuels into a low-carbon economy.

Graphical abstract