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<p>The present research work intends to study and assess the water quality of the Basavakalyan region of Bidar district in Karnataka, India and locate potential sites for usable water resources. For this study, altogether thirty-two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, hardness, major anions, and major cations. The study particularly emphasizes fluoride and nitrate concentration due to their potential health implications. The hydrochemistry of the study area highlighted remarkable variation in the analyzed ion concentrations, with some of the samples showing one or more ions exceeding the WHO-defined acceptable limits for potable water. The groundwater is primarily characterized by Ca-HCO<sub>3</sub> and Ca-Mg-Cl water types. WQI was employed to fathom the overall quality of the collected water samples, which was assessed by incorporating individual water quality parameters. Based on WQI values, it has been observed that 19% of the groundwater samples fall into the poor-water-quality category, rendering them unsuitable for drinking pertaining to excessive fluoride and nitrate concentrations. Further, some other hydrochemical tools identified 6–25% of groundwater as unsuitable for agricultural purposes because of excess concentration of the measured water quality parameters. To understand the interdependence among the measured water quality parameters, correlation analysis was very well utilized. Additionally, multivariate statistical analyses were applied after appropriate data transformation to determine the factors that control the chemical composition of groundwater in the region. Ionic ratios, along with PCA and CA, depicted the evolution of groundwater through interaction at the sediment-water interface involving processes such as silicate weathering and ion exchange. Three principal components and three clusters of water quality parameters and sample locations were identified, which consequently highlight distinct geochemical processes and the disequilibrium in water quality conditions. The potential sites for water sources of good quality were pinpointed utilizing geospatial tools and analysis in the eastern and western sides of the study area, where basalts dominate the lithology at the surface and in the subsurface.</p>

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Appraisal of groundwater suitability in a semi-arid region of South India, using integrated geochemical and multivariate statistical tools

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Syed Shams Rizvi,
  • Pintu Prusty,
  • Mohammed Aleem Pasha,
  • Rashmi Bala,
  • Ibrahim Yousuf,
  • Asin Mariya Joseph,
  • Bhanu Pratap Vanshwar,
  • Riya Mathew

摘要

The present research work intends to study and assess the water quality of the Basavakalyan region of Bidar district in Karnataka, India and locate potential sites for usable water resources. For this study, altogether thirty-two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, hardness, major anions, and major cations. The study particularly emphasizes fluoride and nitrate concentration due to their potential health implications. The hydrochemistry of the study area highlighted remarkable variation in the analyzed ion concentrations, with some of the samples showing one or more ions exceeding the WHO-defined acceptable limits for potable water. The groundwater is primarily characterized by Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-Cl water types. WQI was employed to fathom the overall quality of the collected water samples, which was assessed by incorporating individual water quality parameters. Based on WQI values, it has been observed that 19% of the groundwater samples fall into the poor-water-quality category, rendering them unsuitable for drinking pertaining to excessive fluoride and nitrate concentrations. Further, some other hydrochemical tools identified 6–25% of groundwater as unsuitable for agricultural purposes because of excess concentration of the measured water quality parameters. To understand the interdependence among the measured water quality parameters, correlation analysis was very well utilized. Additionally, multivariate statistical analyses were applied after appropriate data transformation to determine the factors that control the chemical composition of groundwater in the region. Ionic ratios, along with PCA and CA, depicted the evolution of groundwater through interaction at the sediment-water interface involving processes such as silicate weathering and ion exchange. Three principal components and three clusters of water quality parameters and sample locations were identified, which consequently highlight distinct geochemical processes and the disequilibrium in water quality conditions. The potential sites for water sources of good quality were pinpointed utilizing geospatial tools and analysis in the eastern and western sides of the study area, where basalts dominate the lithology at the surface and in the subsurface.