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<p>The marine industry makes a major contribution to global carbon dioxide emissions; in 2018, international shipping accounted for almost 2.89% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Accurate estimate of a ship’s increased frictional resistance owing to (bio)fouling is critical for optimizing fuel usage and reducing environmental effect. Fouling on the hull and propellers increases frictional resistance, requiring more engine power and resulting in increased fuel consumption and emissions (up to 20% in extreme situations). Fouling also diminishes heat exchanger efficiency, which affects operating performance. This review examines the many forms of fouling and their effects on ship performance and heat exchangers, as well as approaches (computational, empirical, experimental, and analytical) for forecasting extra frictional resistance caused by fouling. The findings offer useful insights for increasing ship efficiency, lowering environmental footprints, and promoting sustainable marine operations.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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A comprehensive review of fouling impacts on frictional resistance and heat exchanger performance in marine systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月27日

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  • Mona Kaamoush,
  • Eman Hamdan

摘要

The marine industry makes a major contribution to global carbon dioxide emissions; in 2018, international shipping accounted for almost 2.89% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Accurate estimate of a ship’s increased frictional resistance owing to (bio)fouling is critical for optimizing fuel usage and reducing environmental effect. Fouling on the hull and propellers increases frictional resistance, requiring more engine power and resulting in increased fuel consumption and emissions (up to 20% in extreme situations). Fouling also diminishes heat exchanger efficiency, which affects operating performance. This review examines the many forms of fouling and their effects on ship performance and heat exchangers, as well as approaches (computational, empirical, experimental, and analytical) for forecasting extra frictional resistance caused by fouling. The findings offer useful insights for increasing ship efficiency, lowering environmental footprints, and promoting sustainable marine operations.

Graphical abstract