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<p>Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a key energy carrier for sustainable and low-carbon energy systems. However, its high flammability, low ignition energy, and rapid diffusion make hydrogen leakage a critical safety and reliability challenge during storage, transportation, and utilization. This review systematically examines and compares major hydrogen leak detection technologies, including gas sensors, optical and spectroscopic methods, tracer gas techniques, acoustic, thermal, electrochemical, and advanced analytical approaches. Recent developments in sensitivity, response characteristics, selectivity, integration capability, and operational robustness are critically analyzed to evaluate their technological maturity. The analysis indicates that sensor-based and optical fiber-based systems currently offer the most promising balance between performance, scalability, and practical deployment, although challenges remain in long-term stability and large-scale integration. By highlighting technological gaps and future research directions, this review provides a comprehensive framework for developing reliable hydrogen monitoring systems and supports the advancement of safe, efficient, and sustainable hydrogen energy infrastructure.</p>

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Comprehensive review of hydrogen leak detection methods, sensor technologies, and spectroscopic approaches for safe and reliable storage, transmission, and utilization

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Shridhar Sampatrao Deshmukh,
  • Chandrakant Sonawane,
  • Amol Vedpathak,
  • Choon Kit Chan,
  • Deekshant Varsheny,
  • Saurav Dixit

摘要

Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a key energy carrier for sustainable and low-carbon energy systems. However, its high flammability, low ignition energy, and rapid diffusion make hydrogen leakage a critical safety and reliability challenge during storage, transportation, and utilization. This review systematically examines and compares major hydrogen leak detection technologies, including gas sensors, optical and spectroscopic methods, tracer gas techniques, acoustic, thermal, electrochemical, and advanced analytical approaches. Recent developments in sensitivity, response characteristics, selectivity, integration capability, and operational robustness are critically analyzed to evaluate their technological maturity. The analysis indicates that sensor-based and optical fiber-based systems currently offer the most promising balance between performance, scalability, and practical deployment, although challenges remain in long-term stability and large-scale integration. By highlighting technological gaps and future research directions, this review provides a comprehensive framework for developing reliable hydrogen monitoring systems and supports the advancement of safe, efficient, and sustainable hydrogen energy infrastructure.