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<p>Amid escalating fuel crises, environmental pollution, and natural oil depletion, the need for developing sustainable energy resources has recently gained prominence. Biodiesel, valued for its renewability and eco-friendliness, offers a sustainable alternative to petroleum fuels, addressing the dual challenges of rising energy demands and fossil fuel-related pollution. Notably, biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) is considered practical in advancing renewable energy solutions while reducing the environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel use and improper WCO disposal. The present study aimed to optimize the reaction conditions for the conversion of WCO to biodiesel using NaOH-supported bentonite clay as a catalyst, adopting response surface methodology based on a Box-Behnken experimental design. It investigated the impact of catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio, and reaction temperature on transesterification process for obtaining maximum free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. The results indicated that the transesterification process, conducted for 4&#xa0;h with continuous stirring at a speed of 350&#xa0;rpm using a NaOH/ bentonite (1:10) catalyst, achieved a 65.48% conversion of FFA under optimal conditions, which included a catalyst concentration of 4.07 wt%, a methanol to oil molar ratio of 9.34:1, and a reaction temperature of 63.54&#xa0;°C. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of the synthesized biodiesel were analyzed and found to fall within the optimal ranges specified by the ASTM D6751, EN 14,214, and TCVN 7717:2007 standards for B100 blending components, with the sole exception of kinematic viscosity, which remained outside the EN 14,214 specifications. This confirms its viability as an alternative to conventional diesel, supporting environmental protection and greenhouse gas reduction. The conversion of WCO into biodiesel exemplifies the transition from a fossil fuel-dependent economy to a bio-based economy, promoting waste upcycling and mitigating the environmental impact of contaminants.</p>

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Optimization of Reaction Conditions for the Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel Using NaOH/Bentonite Catalyst

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Hang Thi Thu Nguyen,
  • Nguyen Song Hanh Vo,
  • Ngoc Hoang Bao Nguyen,
  • Nguyen Pham Phuc Nguyen,
  • Thong Dinh Nguyen,
  • Hong Thi Thu Nguyen

摘要

Amid escalating fuel crises, environmental pollution, and natural oil depletion, the need for developing sustainable energy resources has recently gained prominence. Biodiesel, valued for its renewability and eco-friendliness, offers a sustainable alternative to petroleum fuels, addressing the dual challenges of rising energy demands and fossil fuel-related pollution. Notably, biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) is considered practical in advancing renewable energy solutions while reducing the environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel use and improper WCO disposal. The present study aimed to optimize the reaction conditions for the conversion of WCO to biodiesel using NaOH-supported bentonite clay as a catalyst, adopting response surface methodology based on a Box-Behnken experimental design. It investigated the impact of catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio, and reaction temperature on transesterification process for obtaining maximum free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. The results indicated that the transesterification process, conducted for 4 h with continuous stirring at a speed of 350 rpm using a NaOH/ bentonite (1:10) catalyst, achieved a 65.48% conversion of FFA under optimal conditions, which included a catalyst concentration of 4.07 wt%, a methanol to oil molar ratio of 9.34:1, and a reaction temperature of 63.54 °C. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of the synthesized biodiesel were analyzed and found to fall within the optimal ranges specified by the ASTM D6751, EN 14,214, and TCVN 7717:2007 standards for B100 blending components, with the sole exception of kinematic viscosity, which remained outside the EN 14,214 specifications. This confirms its viability as an alternative to conventional diesel, supporting environmental protection and greenhouse gas reduction. The conversion of WCO into biodiesel exemplifies the transition from a fossil fuel-dependent economy to a bio-based economy, promoting waste upcycling and mitigating the environmental impact of contaminants.