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<p>The traditional linear economic model of “take-make-dispose” is proving increasingly unsustainable in resource-intensive sectors like the carpet industry, which generates millions of tons of complex, multi-material waste annually. This systematic review synthesizes and critically evaluates the application of the circular economy’s 10R framework to the carpet industry to guide this transition. Following a PRISMA-guided methodology, the qualitative synthesis reveals that existing research is fragmented across four distinct streams: technological pathways for material recovery, environmental/economic impact assessment, business models and logistics, and upstream design. Crucially, the literature exhibits a pronounced structural bias toward end-of-life recovery, while consumer and socio-governance dimensions remain underrepresented. Despite this, the synthesis identifies a clear hierarchy of effectiveness among CE strategies. Upstream interventions such as Design for Circularity and Rethink offer the greatest potential to prevent waste, while mid-stream strategies like Remanufacture are crucial for high-value material retention. Quantitative evidence from life cycle assessments demonstrates that vertically integrated, closed-loop recycling systems significantly outperform both traditional linear models and lower-value open-loop downcycling in energy savings, greenhouse gas reductions, and net economic impact. However, the path to a fully circular carpet industry is impeded by formidable barriers, including complex multi-material product designs, high logistical costs, an absence of robust policy frameworks like Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and socio-cultural inertia. This review shows that separate technical improvements are not sufficient to transform the industry. To translate technical feasibility into systemic change, a holistic transformation is required, integrating design innovation, scalable recycling technologies, and supportive governance frameworks to unlock a truly circular and sustainable carpet industry.</p>

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From Linear to Circular: Transforming Waste Management in the Carpet Industry

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Mohammad Kian Golkar,
  • Mahshad Firouzeh,
  • Isan Moharrami,
  • Samira Bagheri,
  • Abooali Golzary

摘要

The traditional linear economic model of “take-make-dispose” is proving increasingly unsustainable in resource-intensive sectors like the carpet industry, which generates millions of tons of complex, multi-material waste annually. This systematic review synthesizes and critically evaluates the application of the circular economy’s 10R framework to the carpet industry to guide this transition. Following a PRISMA-guided methodology, the qualitative synthesis reveals that existing research is fragmented across four distinct streams: technological pathways for material recovery, environmental/economic impact assessment, business models and logistics, and upstream design. Crucially, the literature exhibits a pronounced structural bias toward end-of-life recovery, while consumer and socio-governance dimensions remain underrepresented. Despite this, the synthesis identifies a clear hierarchy of effectiveness among CE strategies. Upstream interventions such as Design for Circularity and Rethink offer the greatest potential to prevent waste, while mid-stream strategies like Remanufacture are crucial for high-value material retention. Quantitative evidence from life cycle assessments demonstrates that vertically integrated, closed-loop recycling systems significantly outperform both traditional linear models and lower-value open-loop downcycling in energy savings, greenhouse gas reductions, and net economic impact. However, the path to a fully circular carpet industry is impeded by formidable barriers, including complex multi-material product designs, high logistical costs, an absence of robust policy frameworks like Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and socio-cultural inertia. This review shows that separate technical improvements are not sufficient to transform the industry. To translate technical feasibility into systemic change, a holistic transformation is required, integrating design innovation, scalable recycling technologies, and supportive governance frameworks to unlock a truly circular and sustainable carpet industry.