<p>An unfortunate similarity developing between esports and traditional sports is their shared potential for criminal opportunities. The esports industry is an attractive target for offenders seeking illicit gain through manipulating competitions. Esports match-fixing is the responsibility of various stakeholders including game publishers, tournament organisers, sport federations, government agencies, betting companies, and law enforcement. The complex ecosystem of esports guardianship remains largely unexplored in relation to match-fixing opportunities, which is addressed in this exploratory study. 15 semi-structured interviews with high-level representatives of esports, sport governance, betting, law enforcement, and national government in six European countries (Austria, Estonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Spain, Greece) reveal a lack of capable esports guardianship due to distrust, deprioritization, and dismissiveness. These identified characteristics result in a reconceptualization of the “guardianship” concept from Routine Activities Theory as it applies to esports match-fixing. This reconceptualization contributes to criminology and crime prevention, providing a more nuanced understanding of how guardianship can be ineffective even when it is present and capable. Finally, Situational crime prevention provides a suitable framework to assess potential strategies that could mitigate opportunities for match-fixing by improving guardianship in esports.</p>

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An Exploratory Study of Esports Match-Fixing: Guardianship Failures and Situational Crime Prevention

  • Alban Zohn

摘要

An unfortunate similarity developing between esports and traditional sports is their shared potential for criminal opportunities. The esports industry is an attractive target for offenders seeking illicit gain through manipulating competitions. Esports match-fixing is the responsibility of various stakeholders including game publishers, tournament organisers, sport federations, government agencies, betting companies, and law enforcement. The complex ecosystem of esports guardianship remains largely unexplored in relation to match-fixing opportunities, which is addressed in this exploratory study. 15 semi-structured interviews with high-level representatives of esports, sport governance, betting, law enforcement, and national government in six European countries (Austria, Estonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Spain, Greece) reveal a lack of capable esports guardianship due to distrust, deprioritization, and dismissiveness. These identified characteristics result in a reconceptualization of the “guardianship” concept from Routine Activities Theory as it applies to esports match-fixing. This reconceptualization contributes to criminology and crime prevention, providing a more nuanced understanding of how guardianship can be ineffective even when it is present and capable. Finally, Situational crime prevention provides a suitable framework to assess potential strategies that could mitigate opportunities for match-fixing by improving guardianship in esports.