<p>Understanding how educational attainment, hospitalisation duration, and geographical setting jointly influence medical expenditure offers valuable policy insights for promoting equitable and efficient healthcare financing in Ghana. Using data from 4,992 households in the Annual Household Income and Expenditure Survey, the analysis employs Tobit and Generalised Linear Models to address the censoring and skewed distribution of medical spending. The findings indicate that educational attainment, hospitalisation duration, and urban residence are significant predictors of medical expenses. Notably, the study identifies significant two-way and three-way interaction effects among these variables. Educational attainment is positively associated with medical expenditure, with this effect intensifying during prolonged hospitalisation duration and being most pronounced in urban areas. This suggests that education influences healthcare use through greater treatment intensity and service utilisation, especially during inpatient care. The analysis also reveals important demographic and regional disparities. Older male household heads tend to incur higher medical expenses, while households with active health insurance membership spend less, underscoring the financial protection that health insurance provides. Additionally, households in Greater Accra, Volta, and Ashanti regions face significantly higher medical expenses compared to those in the Western region. These findings underscore the importance of investing in healthcare infrastructure and service delivery in under-resourced regions to alleviate unmet healthcare needs and mitigate geographical disparities in medical spending.</p>

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Educational attainment and medical expenditure in Ghana: evidence across hospitalisation duration and geographical settings

  • James Dickson Fiagborlo

摘要

Understanding how educational attainment, hospitalisation duration, and geographical setting jointly influence medical expenditure offers valuable policy insights for promoting equitable and efficient healthcare financing in Ghana. Using data from 4,992 households in the Annual Household Income and Expenditure Survey, the analysis employs Tobit and Generalised Linear Models to address the censoring and skewed distribution of medical spending. The findings indicate that educational attainment, hospitalisation duration, and urban residence are significant predictors of medical expenses. Notably, the study identifies significant two-way and three-way interaction effects among these variables. Educational attainment is positively associated with medical expenditure, with this effect intensifying during prolonged hospitalisation duration and being most pronounced in urban areas. This suggests that education influences healthcare use through greater treatment intensity and service utilisation, especially during inpatient care. The analysis also reveals important demographic and regional disparities. Older male household heads tend to incur higher medical expenses, while households with active health insurance membership spend less, underscoring the financial protection that health insurance provides. Additionally, households in Greater Accra, Volta, and Ashanti regions face significantly higher medical expenses compared to those in the Western region. These findings underscore the importance of investing in healthcare infrastructure and service delivery in under-resourced regions to alleviate unmet healthcare needs and mitigate geographical disparities in medical spending.