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<p>Gender inequality in education (disparities between male and female education) is a significant drag on economic growth and stability. This is because of the suboptimal use of a nation’s human capital, constraining aggregate productivity, and preventing the economy from achieving its full potential. Thus, this research investigates the impact of gender inequality in education (proxied by gender parity index) (GPI), female labor force participation (FLFP), and male labor force participation (MLFP) on economic growth (GDPC) in Nigeria from 1990 to 2020, employing the Quantile–on–Quantile and the Frequency Domain Causality (FDC) approach. The QQ result shows that GPI negatively affects GDPC on all quantiles, while FLFP and MLFP have an asymmetric relationship with GDPC. At lower quantiles, the association between FLFP and GDPC is negative, while at upper quantiles, the relationship becomes positive. Furthermore, at the lower and upper quantiles, MLFP has an adverse relationship with GDPC, while at the middle quantile, the relationship becomes positive. Also, FLFP and MLFP have a complimentary relationship. The FDC outcome shows a unidirectional movement from GPI, FLFP, and MLFP to GDPC in the medium term. The study recommends that policies that support equal access to education should be implemented. This will allow Nigeria to achieve its full capacity regarding male and female labor productivity.</p>

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The interaction between gender inequality in education, female labor force participation, male labor force participation, and economic growth in Nigeria: a quantile–on–quantile analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • Toluwalope Seyi Akinwande,
  • Oluwatoyin Abidemi Somoye,
  • Muhammad Mar’I,
  • Huseyin Ozdeser

摘要

Gender inequality in education (disparities between male and female education) is a significant drag on economic growth and stability. This is because of the suboptimal use of a nation’s human capital, constraining aggregate productivity, and preventing the economy from achieving its full potential. Thus, this research investigates the impact of gender inequality in education (proxied by gender parity index) (GPI), female labor force participation (FLFP), and male labor force participation (MLFP) on economic growth (GDPC) in Nigeria from 1990 to 2020, employing the Quantile–on–Quantile and the Frequency Domain Causality (FDC) approach. The QQ result shows that GPI negatively affects GDPC on all quantiles, while FLFP and MLFP have an asymmetric relationship with GDPC. At lower quantiles, the association between FLFP and GDPC is negative, while at upper quantiles, the relationship becomes positive. Furthermore, at the lower and upper quantiles, MLFP has an adverse relationship with GDPC, while at the middle quantile, the relationship becomes positive. Also, FLFP and MLFP have a complimentary relationship. The FDC outcome shows a unidirectional movement from GPI, FLFP, and MLFP to GDPC in the medium term. The study recommends that policies that support equal access to education should be implemented. This will allow Nigeria to achieve its full capacity regarding male and female labor productivity.