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<p>Women in developing countries spend significant time in unpaid domestic work, this limits their opportunities to participate in the labor market. Though, household technologies have the potential to reduce domestic work burden, however few studies have jointly analyzed household technology adoption, time allocation, and Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP). This study examines the determinants of household technology adoption and investigates how appliances ownership is associated with women’s time allocation and labor force participation. The study utilizes primary data from 397 households in Punjab, Pakistan through a multistage stratified random sampling design. The study employs descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and Tobit regression models to analyze technology adoption, labor force participation, and time-use patterns. The results indicate that ownership of modern appliances is significantly positively associated with female labor force participation (FLFP) and reallocation of women’s time across domestic and non-domestic activities. In particular, ownership of microwave ovens and automatic washing machines is positively and significantly associated with FLFP, while ownership of vacuum cleaner is associated with greater time allocated to leisure and childcare activities. Additionally, household characteristics such as urban residence and educational attainment are also significantly associated with appliances adoption and women’s time allocation. Findings of the study indicate that household technologies are associated with changes in how women allocate their time across competing activities, rather than a uniform reduction in domestic work. The study contributes to the litertaure by providing new micro-level evidence by jointly examining technology adoption, time allocation, and labor force participation within a unified empirical framework. These findings highlight the significance of promoting equitable access to household appliances, together with investments in education and complementary policies that reduce barriers to women’s labor market participation.</p>

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Household technology adoption, women’s time allocation, and female labor force participation: micro-level evidence from Lahore, Pakistan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Muhammad Imran,
  • Mudaseera Muhammad

摘要

Women in developing countries spend significant time in unpaid domestic work, this limits their opportunities to participate in the labor market. Though, household technologies have the potential to reduce domestic work burden, however few studies have jointly analyzed household technology adoption, time allocation, and Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP). This study examines the determinants of household technology adoption and investigates how appliances ownership is associated with women’s time allocation and labor force participation. The study utilizes primary data from 397 households in Punjab, Pakistan through a multistage stratified random sampling design. The study employs descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and Tobit regression models to analyze technology adoption, labor force participation, and time-use patterns. The results indicate that ownership of modern appliances is significantly positively associated with female labor force participation (FLFP) and reallocation of women’s time across domestic and non-domestic activities. In particular, ownership of microwave ovens and automatic washing machines is positively and significantly associated with FLFP, while ownership of vacuum cleaner is associated with greater time allocated to leisure and childcare activities. Additionally, household characteristics such as urban residence and educational attainment are also significantly associated with appliances adoption and women’s time allocation. Findings of the study indicate that household technologies are associated with changes in how women allocate their time across competing activities, rather than a uniform reduction in domestic work. The study contributes to the litertaure by providing new micro-level evidence by jointly examining technology adoption, time allocation, and labor force participation within a unified empirical framework. These findings highlight the significance of promoting equitable access to household appliances, together with investments in education and complementary policies that reduce barriers to women’s labor market participation.