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<p>This study assesses the vulnerability and adaptation deficits of smallholder farmers to recurrent floods in Okara District, Pakistan. Employing an updated IPCC AR6 framework and Latent Class Analysis (LCA) on household survey data (<i>n</i> = 264), we constructed composite indices for vulnerability and multidimensional resilience. Results reveal a predominantly low-to-moderate level of flood resilience (index: 0.442), characterized by high livelihood sensitivity and significant deficits in financial and institutional adaptive capacity. The LCA identified three distinct farmer profiles: Low-Resilience (47%), Moderate-Resilience (36%), and High-Resilience (17%), demonstrating significant intra-community heterogeneity. Key determinants of higher resilience include higher household income, higher education levels, and larger farm sizes. The findings underscore the inadequacy of uniform policy responses and highlight an urgent need for targeted, multidimensional interventions. These must concurrently address infrastructure hardening, financial inclusion, institutional trust-building, and psychosocial support, tailored to the specific vulnerabilities and capacities of different farmer groups to enhance climate resilience and livelihood security.</p>

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Smallholder farmer vulnerability and adaptation deficits: insights district Okara, Pakistan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Saeed Ahmad,
  • Shahzad Farid,
  • Khansa Maryam,
  • Abdul Rasool Khoso

摘要

This study assesses the vulnerability and adaptation deficits of smallholder farmers to recurrent floods in Okara District, Pakistan. Employing an updated IPCC AR6 framework and Latent Class Analysis (LCA) on household survey data (n = 264), we constructed composite indices for vulnerability and multidimensional resilience. Results reveal a predominantly low-to-moderate level of flood resilience (index: 0.442), characterized by high livelihood sensitivity and significant deficits in financial and institutional adaptive capacity. The LCA identified three distinct farmer profiles: Low-Resilience (47%), Moderate-Resilience (36%), and High-Resilience (17%), demonstrating significant intra-community heterogeneity. Key determinants of higher resilience include higher household income, higher education levels, and larger farm sizes. The findings underscore the inadequacy of uniform policy responses and highlight an urgent need for targeted, multidimensional interventions. These must concurrently address infrastructure hardening, financial inclusion, institutional trust-building, and psychosocial support, tailored to the specific vulnerabilities and capacities of different farmer groups to enhance climate resilience and livelihood security.