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<p>The Rohingya crisis represents one of the world’s most protracted cases of statelessness, with over one million individuals denied citizenship and fundamental rights in Myanmar. Despite alternating military and civilian governments, the Rohingya have remained stateless and excluded for over seven decades. The existing studies document violence and displacement but rarely explain why exclusionary policies persist across regime transitions. The study analyses how colonial legacies, legal frameworks, and nationalist discourse create institutional path dependency that sustains Rohingya exclusion from independence (1947) through the 2021 coup. The research employs a qualitative historical design, incorporating thematic and chronological analysis of constitutional texts, citizenship laws (1947–2025), administrative records, and secondary literature, while also integrating descriptive phenomenology to foreground the lived experiences of denial and precarity. Three mechanisms transcend regime type. The colonial legacies of british-era ethnic classifications which entrenched “indigenous” versus “outsider” categorisations, laying the groundwork for later exclusion; the legal codification through the 1982 citizenship law’s ethnicity-based tiers and successive constitutional amendments institutionalised statelessness, while military and civilian authorities used identity cards and verification schemes to perpetuate marginalisation; the nationalist discourse of Buddhist-Bamar nationalism providing continuous ideological justification, adopted by juntas and democratic leaders to legitimise exclusion. The post-2021 developments indicate these mechanisms’ resilience as the military junta intensified forced conscription and repression, while the Arakan Army adopted similar exclusionary practices in newly controlled areas. The study advances theories of ethnic exclusion by establishing how institutional path dependency endures beyond democratisation. The solutions must aim at foundational reforms, including amending citizenship laws to remove ethnic criteria, establishing an independent citizenship commission, enacting anti-discrimination constitutional guarantees, and coordinating regional repatriation frameworks.</p>

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Rohingya find no taker with the Myanmar state trapped in a cycle of military junta and democracy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月18日

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  • Hm Izhar Alam,
  • Arshi Khan,
  • Sarah Tahmeen Choudhury,
  • Md Nawaz Sharif

摘要

The Rohingya crisis represents one of the world’s most protracted cases of statelessness, with over one million individuals denied citizenship and fundamental rights in Myanmar. Despite alternating military and civilian governments, the Rohingya have remained stateless and excluded for over seven decades. The existing studies document violence and displacement but rarely explain why exclusionary policies persist across regime transitions. The study analyses how colonial legacies, legal frameworks, and nationalist discourse create institutional path dependency that sustains Rohingya exclusion from independence (1947) through the 2021 coup. The research employs a qualitative historical design, incorporating thematic and chronological analysis of constitutional texts, citizenship laws (1947–2025), administrative records, and secondary literature, while also integrating descriptive phenomenology to foreground the lived experiences of denial and precarity. Three mechanisms transcend regime type. The colonial legacies of british-era ethnic classifications which entrenched “indigenous” versus “outsider” categorisations, laying the groundwork for later exclusion; the legal codification through the 1982 citizenship law’s ethnicity-based tiers and successive constitutional amendments institutionalised statelessness, while military and civilian authorities used identity cards and verification schemes to perpetuate marginalisation; the nationalist discourse of Buddhist-Bamar nationalism providing continuous ideological justification, adopted by juntas and democratic leaders to legitimise exclusion. The post-2021 developments indicate these mechanisms’ resilience as the military junta intensified forced conscription and repression, while the Arakan Army adopted similar exclusionary practices in newly controlled areas. The study advances theories of ethnic exclusion by establishing how institutional path dependency endures beyond democratisation. The solutions must aim at foundational reforms, including amending citizenship laws to remove ethnic criteria, establishing an independent citizenship commission, enacting anti-discrimination constitutional guarantees, and coordinating regional repatriation frameworks.