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<p>Conservation agriculture (CA) and precision water management are promoted to reduce groundwater depletion and improve soil health in irrigated maize-wheat (MW) systems as alternatives to the rice-wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. However, information on the combined effects of CA and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) on labile soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions and soil biological properties is limited. A four-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of CA practices integrated with SDI on labile SOC fractions, soil enzyme activities, microbial activity, and glomalin-related soil protein in an irrigated MW system. The experiment included five treatments combining tillage (conventional tillage and permanent beds), residue management (with or without residues), nitrogen application (0 and recommended rate), and irrigation method (SDI or flood irrigation). Total SOC and dissolved organic carbon were not significantly affected by tillage, residue retention, or irrigation method. In contrast, labile carbon fractions and biological indicators were more responsive to management practices. Residue retention and nitrogen fertilization significantly increased water-soluble carbon, microbial biomass carbon, basal soil respiration, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities, and glomalin content, particularly under CA combined with SDI. The conservation agriculture with subsurface drip irrigation (CA + SDI RN) treatment with recommended nitrogen showed greater microbial and enzymatic activity than conventional tillage with flood irrigation. Maize grain yield was significantly higher under CA + SDI RN, while wheat yield remained similar across irrigation and tillage systems at recommended nitrogen rates. Overall, biological indicators responded earlier than total SOC, demonstrating their utility as early-warning indicators of soil health change, highlighting the potential of CA integrated with SDI to improve soil functioning and maize productivity in irrigated MW systems.</p>

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Soil labile organic carbon fractions and enzyme activities under conservation agriculture with subsurface drip irrigation in maize-wheat system

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Naveen Gupta,
  • Madhu Choudhary,
  • Manish Kumar,
  • Love Kumar Singh,
  • Kajod Mal Choudhary,
  • Harminder Singh Sidhu,
  • Kailash Chandra Kalwaniya,
  • Yadvinder-Singh,
  • Hanuman Sahay Jat,
  • Mahesh K. Gathala,
  • Mangi Lal Jat

摘要

Conservation agriculture (CA) and precision water management are promoted to reduce groundwater depletion and improve soil health in irrigated maize-wheat (MW) systems as alternatives to the rice-wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. However, information on the combined effects of CA and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) on labile soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions and soil biological properties is limited. A four-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of CA practices integrated with SDI on labile SOC fractions, soil enzyme activities, microbial activity, and glomalin-related soil protein in an irrigated MW system. The experiment included five treatments combining tillage (conventional tillage and permanent beds), residue management (with or without residues), nitrogen application (0 and recommended rate), and irrigation method (SDI or flood irrigation). Total SOC and dissolved organic carbon were not significantly affected by tillage, residue retention, or irrigation method. In contrast, labile carbon fractions and biological indicators were more responsive to management practices. Residue retention and nitrogen fertilization significantly increased water-soluble carbon, microbial biomass carbon, basal soil respiration, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities, and glomalin content, particularly under CA combined with SDI. The conservation agriculture with subsurface drip irrigation (CA + SDI RN) treatment with recommended nitrogen showed greater microbial and enzymatic activity than conventional tillage with flood irrigation. Maize grain yield was significantly higher under CA + SDI RN, while wheat yield remained similar across irrigation and tillage systems at recommended nitrogen rates. Overall, biological indicators responded earlier than total SOC, demonstrating their utility as early-warning indicators of soil health change, highlighting the potential of CA integrated with SDI to improve soil functioning and maize productivity in irrigated MW systems.