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<p><i>Citrus indica</i> Tanaka (Rutaceae) is a threatened and narrowly endemic wild citrus species restricted to northeastern India. Although its occurrence has been documented earlier, detailed information on its distribution, population status, and habitat suitability has remained limited. In this study, the distribution of <i>C. indica</i> was updated through field surveys conducted between 2018 and 2022, complemented by herbarium records and published literature. A new population recorded from Intangki National Park, Nagaland, further extends its known distribution range. Population assessment revealed only 121 individuals across five sub-populations, with just 58 mature plants, highlighting its fragmented and vulnerable status and supporting its classification as Endangered under IUCN criteria (B2ac(i, iii &amp; iv)D). Species distribution modelling using MaxEnt demonstrated strong predictive performance (AUC = 0.916) and identified precipitation as the primary driver of habitat suitability. In particular, precipitation of the wettest month (BIO13), followed by precipitation of the driest quarter (BIO17) and elevation, played key roles in shaping its distribution. Under current climatic conditions, highly suitable habitats are scarce and largely confined to the Garo and Khasi hills of Meghalaya and adjoining regions of Assam and Nagaland. Future climate projections (SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5) indicate that while the overall geographic range of the species may not change substantially, habitat quality is likely to shift, with a gradual expansion of marginally suitable areas and a potential decline in highly suitable habitats over time. These findings highlight the sensitivity of&#xa0;<i>C. indica</i>&#xa0;to changing environmental conditions and reinforce the need for targeted conservation strategies. Protecting existing populations, particularly within protected forest areas, and identifying potential future refugia will be critical for ensuring the long-term survival of this unique wild citrus species.</p>

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Distribution pattern, population characteristics and threat status assessment of Indian wild orange (Citrus indica Tanaka) using IUCN regional guidelines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Bhavya Priyadarshini Mishra,
  • Aakash Maurya,
  • M. R. Ranjith Layola,
  • Konickal Mambetta Prabhukumar,
  • Tikam Singh Rana

摘要

Citrus indica Tanaka (Rutaceae) is a threatened and narrowly endemic wild citrus species restricted to northeastern India. Although its occurrence has been documented earlier, detailed information on its distribution, population status, and habitat suitability has remained limited. In this study, the distribution of C. indica was updated through field surveys conducted between 2018 and 2022, complemented by herbarium records and published literature. A new population recorded from Intangki National Park, Nagaland, further extends its known distribution range. Population assessment revealed only 121 individuals across five sub-populations, with just 58 mature plants, highlighting its fragmented and vulnerable status and supporting its classification as Endangered under IUCN criteria (B2ac(i, iii & iv)D). Species distribution modelling using MaxEnt demonstrated strong predictive performance (AUC = 0.916) and identified precipitation as the primary driver of habitat suitability. In particular, precipitation of the wettest month (BIO13), followed by precipitation of the driest quarter (BIO17) and elevation, played key roles in shaping its distribution. Under current climatic conditions, highly suitable habitats are scarce and largely confined to the Garo and Khasi hills of Meghalaya and adjoining regions of Assam and Nagaland. Future climate projections (SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5) indicate that while the overall geographic range of the species may not change substantially, habitat quality is likely to shift, with a gradual expansion of marginally suitable areas and a potential decline in highly suitable habitats over time. These findings highlight the sensitivity of C. indica to changing environmental conditions and reinforce the need for targeted conservation strategies. Protecting existing populations, particularly within protected forest areas, and identifying potential future refugia will be critical for ensuring the long-term survival of this unique wild citrus species.