Harnessing grassland ecosystem services for sustainability: progress, challenges and future prospects
摘要
Grassland is a unique and important biome spreading over 1/3 of the global area. There are numerous ecosystem services (ESs) that grasslands offer to people. Although a lot of ES research has concentrated on wetlands and forests, there is a great need to synthesise the existing scattered studies of grassland ecosystem services (GESs). GESs are all the advantages (such as goods, resources, and the environment) that biodiversity, as well as the ecosystem function and structure of grasslands, offer in order to fulfill the requirements of human existence and civilization. Globally, extensively managed grasslands are valued for their social and cultural significance as well as their high biodiversity. In contrast to other production systems, their ability to provide a variety of ES as components of agricultural systems has surprisingly received less research. The overarching objective for managing grassland resources is sustainability, which also dictates the institutional framework used to plan and carry out each grassland use. Reviewing the broadness, main techniques, and important conclusions of GESs was our goal, along with identifying knowledge gaps and potential future paths. This review outlines the current state of GES research and suggests a number of avenues for further investigation. With the help of global examples, this review develops more rigorous and cohesive best practices for grassland restoration in three key areas: social context and sustainability; implementation of restoration measures along with management; and initial site preparation as well as site conditions. Further, it showcases the main obstacles to grassland restoration in each region and highlights successful case studies to provide effective and broadly applicable solutions.