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<p>Oil–Gas exploration is a two century old practice. Prolific conventional reservoirs like giant reefs or caverns or beach or sheet sands are now nearly exhausted after producing large volume of hydrocarbon and are near their end life of production. More such enormous reservoirs are not easily forthcoming. The reserve-base of conventional hydrocarbon is gradually depleting, with oil–gas demand remaining high. The focus of exploitation has shifted towards unconventional hydrocarbon like tight shale. Horizontal wells and hydrofracturing are required to produce hydrocarbon profitably from shale. However, hydrofracturing requires about 1.5–16.0 (average 6.0) million gallons freshwater per well. Post hydrofracturing, a huge volume of highly toxic effluents in the form of post-frack flowback and produced water (FPW) is generated which needs proper treatment before safe disposal. Identifying each and every harmful chemicals and treating them is difficult. Frac companies are not revealing more than 10% of chemical ingredients. So during this current research, it was decided to directly collect post-hydrofrac FPW samples from a few wells of Gujarat and Rajasthan, analyze them and compare the primary data well wise and to decide how to remove the toxins and carcinogens from the post-hydrofrac FPW for the cause of environmental benefit.</p>

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Recycling of Flowback and Produced water for Reuse in Oil and Gas Upstream Sector to Safeguard Freshwater: A Case study from Western Oil fields of India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月4日

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  • Amitava Roy,
  • Dipankar Saha,
  • Anjali Gupta

摘要

Oil–Gas exploration is a two century old practice. Prolific conventional reservoirs like giant reefs or caverns or beach or sheet sands are now nearly exhausted after producing large volume of hydrocarbon and are near their end life of production. More such enormous reservoirs are not easily forthcoming. The reserve-base of conventional hydrocarbon is gradually depleting, with oil–gas demand remaining high. The focus of exploitation has shifted towards unconventional hydrocarbon like tight shale. Horizontal wells and hydrofracturing are required to produce hydrocarbon profitably from shale. However, hydrofracturing requires about 1.5–16.0 (average 6.0) million gallons freshwater per well. Post hydrofracturing, a huge volume of highly toxic effluents in the form of post-frack flowback and produced water (FPW) is generated which needs proper treatment before safe disposal. Identifying each and every harmful chemicals and treating them is difficult. Frac companies are not revealing more than 10% of chemical ingredients. So during this current research, it was decided to directly collect post-hydrofrac FPW samples from a few wells of Gujarat and Rajasthan, analyze them and compare the primary data well wise and to decide how to remove the toxins and carcinogens from the post-hydrofrac FPW for the cause of environmental benefit.