Herb species richness, phenology and ethnobotanical practices in sacred groves of Western Himalaya: bridging ecology and tradition for conservation
摘要
The present study comprehensively explores the richness of herb species in some well-known sacred groves of Uttarakhand. The study has been conducted seasonally from March 2021 to February 2024. The present study was carried out in Almora district, situated in the Kumaon division of Uttarakhand, India. It documented indigenous uses and phenological patterns of the recorded species detailing their growth phases over the year. A total of 89 herb species belonging to 24 orders, 37 families and 80 genera were documented. Among the orders, Lamiales and Poales were the most represented with 15 species, followed by Asterales with 14 species and Rosales with 6 species. Out of the 37 recorded families, Asteraceae emerged as the most dominant with 14 species followed by Poaceae and Lamiaceae with 12 and 9 species respectively. Carex, Desmodium, Erigeron, Galium, Geranium, Oplismenus, Oxalis, Persicaria and Potentilla are the dominant genera with two species each. Species with medicinal significance predominate, comprising with 82% of the documented plants. Leaves are the most utilized plant part (51.7%) followed by roots (19.1%). The phenology of all the recorded species was systematically observed, categorizing their growth stages throughout the year. Agave cantala shows periods of vegetative growth and flowering during the warmer months, followed by seed dispersal and dormancy towards the end of the year. In contrast, Cannabis sativa demonstrates consistent vegetative growth, with distinct phases of flowering and seed dispersal throughout the year. Ainsliaea latifolia and Ajuga bracteosa, exhibit prolonged periods of vegetative growth and flowering, whereas Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus niveus follow a more structured annual cycle of growth, highlighting their adaptability and responses to environmental changes throughout the year.