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Background <p>Existing patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for foot and ankle disorders lack cultural relevance for Indian patients. Hence, this study aimed to develop the Indian Foot and Ankle Society (IFAS) score, a PROM tailored to the unique cultural and functional needs of Indian patients.</p> Methods <p>The IFAS score was developed using the Modified Delphi method, involving a panel of experts in foot and ankle surgery. A master list of 123 items was refined through three Delphi rounds, yielding a final set of 17 items.</p> Results <p>The final IFAS score comprises 17 items across four domains: Pain, Swelling and Stiffness, Activity, and Footwear &amp; Orthotics. Each item is scored from 0 to 4, yielding a maximum raw score of 68, which is converted to a 0–100 scale, with higher scores indicating better function.</p> Conclusion <p>The IFAS score represents a Phase 1, consensus-based PROM developed to address culturally relevant functional outcomes in Indian patients with foot and ankle disorders. Further psychometric validation, including reliability and validity assessments, is required before routine clinical and research use.</p>

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Development of a novel patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for evaluation of foot and ankle disorders in the Indian population – the Indian Foot and Ankle Society (IFAS) Score

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Siddhartha Sharma,
  • Sandeep Patel,
  • Inderjit Singh,
  • Ankit Dadra,
  • Ajoy S. M,
  • Rajesh Simon,
  • Rajiv Shah,
  • Mandeep Singh Dhillon

摘要

Background

Existing patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for foot and ankle disorders lack cultural relevance for Indian patients. Hence, this study aimed to develop the Indian Foot and Ankle Society (IFAS) score, a PROM tailored to the unique cultural and functional needs of Indian patients.

Methods

The IFAS score was developed using the Modified Delphi method, involving a panel of experts in foot and ankle surgery. A master list of 123 items was refined through three Delphi rounds, yielding a final set of 17 items.

Results

The final IFAS score comprises 17 items across four domains: Pain, Swelling and Stiffness, Activity, and Footwear & Orthotics. Each item is scored from 0 to 4, yielding a maximum raw score of 68, which is converted to a 0–100 scale, with higher scores indicating better function.

Conclusion

The IFAS score represents a Phase 1, consensus-based PROM developed to address culturally relevant functional outcomes in Indian patients with foot and ankle disorders. Further psychometric validation, including reliability and validity assessments, is required before routine clinical and research use.