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<p>The borehole splitting method is widely preferred for excavation in vibration-sensitive areas due to its low noise levels and minimal environmental disturbance. This study investigates the static expansion characteristics of three-hole rock-like materials under the empty hole effect, focusing on the influence of borehole parameters and the associated fracture mechanisms. Laboratory experiments were conducted on mortar specimens containing three holes, employing an orthogonal array design with three factors at three levels. Complementary numerical simulations were performed in ABAQUS using a Maxps damage model calibrated with measured material properties. The following novel contributions are presented: (1) The significance ranking of borehole parameters on expansion force was established through range and variance analyses, revealing that hole distance is the most dominant factor, followed by free distance and empty hole position. (2) Crack propagation is primarily induced by the empty hole, occurring mainly around the expansion hole and deflecting toward the empty hole. Four distinct failure modes—straight-through type (STT), fluctuation-through type (FTT), unilateral straight-through type (USTT), and unilateral fluctuation-through type (UFTT)—were identified and systematically classified. (3) A competitive inhibition mechanism between primary and secondary cracks was observed and analyzed, demonstrating that secondary cracks alter the stress field at the primary crack tip and suppress its further propagation. (4) A quantitative equation based on the stress intensity factor (<i>K</i><sub><i>Ⅰ</i></sub>) was established and compared with the material’s fracture toughness. The results show that <i>K</i><sub><i>Ⅰ</i></sub> decreases as the hole distance increases, explaining the greater difficulty of crack propagation at larger distances. When the hole is near the free surface, cracks are more likely to initiate and propagate. These findings provide a mechanism-based understanding of the empty hole effect under static expansion and offer practical design guidance for optimizing hole arrangements in borehole splitting applications.</p>

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Static expansion characteristics of three-holes considering empty hole effects in the borehole splitting method: experimental investigation and numerical simulation methods

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Rui Wu,
  • Xiang Fan,
  • Xufei Huang,
  • Xiaoyong Cao,
  • Shaozhan Yang,
  • Jialong Du

摘要

The borehole splitting method is widely preferred for excavation in vibration-sensitive areas due to its low noise levels and minimal environmental disturbance. This study investigates the static expansion characteristics of three-hole rock-like materials under the empty hole effect, focusing on the influence of borehole parameters and the associated fracture mechanisms. Laboratory experiments were conducted on mortar specimens containing three holes, employing an orthogonal array design with three factors at three levels. Complementary numerical simulations were performed in ABAQUS using a Maxps damage model calibrated with measured material properties. The following novel contributions are presented: (1) The significance ranking of borehole parameters on expansion force was established through range and variance analyses, revealing that hole distance is the most dominant factor, followed by free distance and empty hole position. (2) Crack propagation is primarily induced by the empty hole, occurring mainly around the expansion hole and deflecting toward the empty hole. Four distinct failure modes—straight-through type (STT), fluctuation-through type (FTT), unilateral straight-through type (USTT), and unilateral fluctuation-through type (UFTT)—were identified and systematically classified. (3) A competitive inhibition mechanism between primary and secondary cracks was observed and analyzed, demonstrating that secondary cracks alter the stress field at the primary crack tip and suppress its further propagation. (4) A quantitative equation based on the stress intensity factor (KⅠ) was established and compared with the material’s fracture toughness. The results show that KⅠ decreases as the hole distance increases, explaining the greater difficulty of crack propagation at larger distances. When the hole is near the free surface, cracks are more likely to initiate and propagate. These findings provide a mechanism-based understanding of the empty hole effect under static expansion and offer practical design guidance for optimizing hole arrangements in borehole splitting applications.