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<p>To address the growing need for sustainable construction materials and effective waste management, this study investigates the feasibility of incorporating ceramic waste powder (CP) and powdered eggshell (PES) as partial replacements of ground blast furnace slag (0–50% by weight) in geopolymer mortars (GPs). The experimental program employed Central Composite Design to analyze binary and ternary GPs, examining fresh properties, mechanical performance, physical characteristics, and freeze-thaw resistance. Microstructural and phase evolution were assessed using XRD, FTIR, and SEM/EDX techniques. Findings revealed that CP improved workability due to its slower reaction kinetics and sub-angular morphology. Moderate PES additions (12.5%) enhanced early-age strength (47.94&#xa0;MPa), while CP incorporation up to 25% improved long-term strength (&gt; 80&#xa0;MPa). Balanced CP-PES combinations enhanced matrix density, reducing water absorption and improving ultra pulse velocity. Microstructural analysis confirmed the synthesis of C-(N)-A-S-H gels, with balanced Ca/Si and Al/Si ratios. Ternary mix (12.5% CP, 12.5% PES) exhibited superior freeze-thaw resistance, with strength and weight losses recorded at 14.52% and 1.25%, respectively. The optimized mixture (20.4% CP, 14.12% PES) achieved a desirability value of 0.91, demonstrating excellent performance across all properties. This research demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating industrial and agricultural waste into high-performance, frost-resistant geopolymer mortars, offering a sustainable alternative for cold-climate construction.</p>

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The impact of ceramic and eggshell waste on the physical, mechanical, and freeze-thaw durability of sustainable geopolymer mortars: experimental investigation and optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月5日

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  • Amirouche Berkouche,
  • Ahmed Abderraouf Belkadi,
  • Lysa Benaddache,
  • Salima Aggoun

摘要

To address the growing need for sustainable construction materials and effective waste management, this study investigates the feasibility of incorporating ceramic waste powder (CP) and powdered eggshell (PES) as partial replacements of ground blast furnace slag (0–50% by weight) in geopolymer mortars (GPs). The experimental program employed Central Composite Design to analyze binary and ternary GPs, examining fresh properties, mechanical performance, physical characteristics, and freeze-thaw resistance. Microstructural and phase evolution were assessed using XRD, FTIR, and SEM/EDX techniques. Findings revealed that CP improved workability due to its slower reaction kinetics and sub-angular morphology. Moderate PES additions (12.5%) enhanced early-age strength (47.94 MPa), while CP incorporation up to 25% improved long-term strength (> 80 MPa). Balanced CP-PES combinations enhanced matrix density, reducing water absorption and improving ultra pulse velocity. Microstructural analysis confirmed the synthesis of C-(N)-A-S-H gels, with balanced Ca/Si and Al/Si ratios. Ternary mix (12.5% CP, 12.5% PES) exhibited superior freeze-thaw resistance, with strength and weight losses recorded at 14.52% and 1.25%, respectively. The optimized mixture (20.4% CP, 14.12% PES) achieved a desirability value of 0.91, demonstrating excellent performance across all properties. This research demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating industrial and agricultural waste into high-performance, frost-resistant geopolymer mortars, offering a sustainable alternative for cold-climate construction.