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<p>Alkali-activated materials have gained increasing popularity due to their advantages in reducing carbon emissions and promoting environmental sustainability. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the early-stage properties and mechanisms of alkali-activated materials when mixed with various types of water, a study was conducted to investigate the impact of seawater, deionized water, and freshwater on the setting time, fluidity time, strength, and drying shrinkage rate of a slag and desulfurization gypsum composite alkali-activated material (SD-AAM). Additionally, the hydration products and microstructures of the SD-AAM were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC) to uncover the mechanisms by which mixing water influences these properties. The results indicate that seawater significantly enhances the strength of the SD-AAM after a 7-day curing age compared to deionized water. However, it also reduces fluidity, setting time, and drying shrinkage rate. This phenomenon can be attributed to the ability of seawater to accelerate the hydration process and facilitate the formation of Friedel’s salt. The strengthening effect of the seawater becomes increasingly pronounced as the curing age extends. Furthermore, Friedel’s salt is gradually enveloped by C–(A)–S–H gel, leading to a decrease in the <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43452_2025_1343_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\text{Cl/Al}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mtext>Cl/Al</mtext> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> ratio when seawater is utilized, as evidenced by the combined results of SEM and EDS. In contrast, freshwater consistently exerts a detrimental effect on early-stage strength across various curing ages. These findings are significant for expanding the applications of alkali-activated materials in specialized engineering contexts.</p>

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Effect of mixing water on early-stage properties and hydration mechanisms of alkali-activated materials containing slag and desulfurization gypsum

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月22日

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  • Chunxue Wang,
  • Xiaoyu Zang,
  • Jingbo Zhu,
  • Chaofeng Hu,
  • Meng Liang,
  • Yingjun Jiang,
  • Hongbo Zhao,
  • Jiaolong Ren

摘要

Alkali-activated materials have gained increasing popularity due to their advantages in reducing carbon emissions and promoting environmental sustainability. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the early-stage properties and mechanisms of alkali-activated materials when mixed with various types of water, a study was conducted to investigate the impact of seawater, deionized water, and freshwater on the setting time, fluidity time, strength, and drying shrinkage rate of a slag and desulfurization gypsum composite alkali-activated material (SD-AAM). Additionally, the hydration products and microstructures of the SD-AAM were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC) to uncover the mechanisms by which mixing water influences these properties. The results indicate that seawater significantly enhances the strength of the SD-AAM after a 7-day curing age compared to deionized water. However, it also reduces fluidity, setting time, and drying shrinkage rate. This phenomenon can be attributed to the ability of seawater to accelerate the hydration process and facilitate the formation of Friedel’s salt. The strengthening effect of the seawater becomes increasingly pronounced as the curing age extends. Furthermore, Friedel’s salt is gradually enveloped by C–(A)–S–H gel, leading to a decrease in the \({\text{Cl/Al}}\) Cl/Al ratio when seawater is utilized, as evidenced by the combined results of SEM and EDS. In contrast, freshwater consistently exerts a detrimental effect on early-stage strength across various curing ages. These findings are significant for expanding the applications of alkali-activated materials in specialized engineering contexts.