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<p>The fusion of armour-grade steel is crucial in the construction of combat vehicle frameworks. Armour steel possesses significant potential for use in the development of military weapons to withstand the high-velocity impact of projectiles, because of its exceptional strength, hardness, and elasticity. This research investigates the effects of ballistic performance, metallurgical, and mechanical characteristics of several arc-welded thick armour steel plates at subzero temperatures of −&#xa0;40&#xa0;°C. The specimens were fabricated using different arc welding methods, such as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), and flux-cored arc welding (FCAW). The ballistic test was performed by analysing the shape of the depression and the depth of penetration (DoP) at both room temperature and − 40&#xa0;°C cryogenic temperature. Thus, GMAW joints have the lowest DoP. Joint ballistic characteristics vary owing to microstructure changes. The microstructure of different welds consists of δ-ferrite, martensite, and γ-austenite. Additionally, a mixture of martensite and retained austenite (RA) is observed. In the weld zone at − 40&#xa0;°C, the typical grain sizes for the GTAW, GMAW, SMAW, and FCAW techniques are about 11.7&#xa0;µm, 20.5&#xa0;µm, 13.3&#xa0;µm, and 16.7&#xa0;µm, correspondingly. An investigation using SEM/EDS showed that the grain’s borders had higher concentrations of Cr, Mn, Si, and&#xa0;Mo&#xa0;compared to the grain interiors. In addition, the hardness evaluates indicated a gradual change across several regions. The GTAW and SMAW joints have tensile characteristics that are 5.96% and 5.35% superior, respectively, when compared to the GMAW and FCAW weldments. The results of the Charpy-V notch impact test showed that the GMAW joints were more resistant to impact than the other types of weldments. The fractured area shows a combination of ductile and brittle modes in both the base material and the welded joints. Based on the performance in terms of mechanical, ballistic, and metallurgical qualities, this research emphasises the significance of welding to manufacture strong connections of thick armour steel, especially for the military sector.</p>

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Investigation of arc welding techniques for the fusion of thick armour steel in military armoured vehicle application: mechanical, microstructural, and ballistic properties at sub-zero condition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月6日

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  • M. D. Barath Kumar,
  • K. Sathish Kumar,
  • N. Babu,
  • K. Gokul Kumar,
  • N. Arivazhagan,
  • M. Manikandan

摘要

The fusion of armour-grade steel is crucial in the construction of combat vehicle frameworks. Armour steel possesses significant potential for use in the development of military weapons to withstand the high-velocity impact of projectiles, because of its exceptional strength, hardness, and elasticity. This research investigates the effects of ballistic performance, metallurgical, and mechanical characteristics of several arc-welded thick armour steel plates at subzero temperatures of − 40 °C. The specimens were fabricated using different arc welding methods, such as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), and flux-cored arc welding (FCAW). The ballistic test was performed by analysing the shape of the depression and the depth of penetration (DoP) at both room temperature and − 40 °C cryogenic temperature. Thus, GMAW joints have the lowest DoP. Joint ballistic characteristics vary owing to microstructure changes. The microstructure of different welds consists of δ-ferrite, martensite, and γ-austenite. Additionally, a mixture of martensite and retained austenite (RA) is observed. In the weld zone at − 40 °C, the typical grain sizes for the GTAW, GMAW, SMAW, and FCAW techniques are about 11.7 µm, 20.5 µm, 13.3 µm, and 16.7 µm, correspondingly. An investigation using SEM/EDS showed that the grain’s borders had higher concentrations of Cr, Mn, Si, and Mo compared to the grain interiors. In addition, the hardness evaluates indicated a gradual change across several regions. The GTAW and SMAW joints have tensile characteristics that are 5.96% and 5.35% superior, respectively, when compared to the GMAW and FCAW weldments. The results of the Charpy-V notch impact test showed that the GMAW joints were more resistant to impact than the other types of weldments. The fractured area shows a combination of ductile and brittle modes in both the base material and the welded joints. Based on the performance in terms of mechanical, ballistic, and metallurgical qualities, this research emphasises the significance of welding to manufacture strong connections of thick armour steel, especially for the military sector.