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<p>Cancer remains a global health challenge, particularly esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, which have limited effective therapies and poor survival outcomes. Marine organisms, especially sea cucumbers, have historically been recognized in traditional medicine and represent an invaluable source of novel bioactive compounds. Saponins, the triterpenoid secondary metabolites abundant in sea cucumbers, are emerging as potential cytotoxic agents. In this study, we conducted a detailed comparative analysis of saponin profiles from eight geographically diverse sea cucumber species, identifying profound species-specific cytotoxic effects. Among these, saponins from <i>Astichopus multifidus</i> (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopodidae (sample-C) exhibited outstanding potency, significantly surpassing the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy drugs, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. We purified and structurally characterized a putative triterpenoid saponin from this species, with the structure tentatively assigned on the basis of LC–MS, FT-IR and <sup>1</sup>H-NMR data, confirming its ability to induce apoptosis selectively in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via PARP-1 cleavage. These findings establish sea cucumber-derived saponins as promising cytotoxic candidates warranting further clinical investigation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A Comparative Study of Marine Saponins from Sea Cucumbers as Potent Cytotoxic Agents Against Aggressive Human Cancer Cell Lines

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月18日

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  • Pak Chun Hui,
  • Alice K. Y. Chan,
  • Chung Man Chan,
  • Man Kit Tse,
  • Peter K. K. Leung,
  • Kenneth K. W. Lo,
  • Victor C. W. Sit,
  • Zhang Jin Zhang,
  • Nikki P. Y. Lee,
  • Shaik Abdullah Nawabjan,
  • Kenneth K. Y. Lai

摘要

Cancer remains a global health challenge, particularly esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, which have limited effective therapies and poor survival outcomes. Marine organisms, especially sea cucumbers, have historically been recognized in traditional medicine and represent an invaluable source of novel bioactive compounds. Saponins, the triterpenoid secondary metabolites abundant in sea cucumbers, are emerging as potential cytotoxic agents. In this study, we conducted a detailed comparative analysis of saponin profiles from eight geographically diverse sea cucumber species, identifying profound species-specific cytotoxic effects. Among these, saponins from Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopodidae (sample-C) exhibited outstanding potency, significantly surpassing the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy drugs, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. We purified and structurally characterized a putative triterpenoid saponin from this species, with the structure tentatively assigned on the basis of LC–MS, FT-IR and 1H-NMR data, confirming its ability to induce apoptosis selectively in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via PARP-1 cleavage. These findings establish sea cucumber-derived saponins as promising cytotoxic candidates warranting further clinical investigation.

Graphical Abstract