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<p>Hesperidin and diosmin are naturally occurring flavonoid glycosides extracted from citrus fruits, known for their diverse pharmacological properties. Diosmin is noted for its superior pharmacological properties, including enhanced vascular protection, improved capillary resistance, and better management of chronic venous insufficiency compared to hesperidin. Hesperidin is relatively more abundant than diosmin in nature; therefore, the conversion of hesperidin into diosmin can amplify these therapeutic benefits. In the current research study, we reported a novel one-pot iodine and copper iodide-catalyzed reaction for the conversion of hesperidin to diosmin. The value of six parameters, like solvent/meal ratio (3:1), temperature (110&#xa0;°C), particle size (80 mesh), reaction time (3&#xa0;h), and catalyst amount (2.9% molar equivalent), is achieved using the Python-generated harmonized search algorithm for yield optimization. The synthesized diosmin demonstrates a high purity of 96.41% as verified by HPTLC, with a recovery yield between 75% and 89% under different conditions. This efficient method offers a significant advancement in the production of high-purity diosmin from hesperidin.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Optimized Novel Diosmin Synthesis Scheme via One-Pot Hesperidin Reaction Using the Harmony Search Algorithm and CuI Co-Catalyst for Enhanced Yield

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月7日

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  • Hemanth Kumar Manikyam,
  • Rajiv Patel,
  • Harsha Kharkwal,
  • Subhash Chander

摘要

Hesperidin and diosmin are naturally occurring flavonoid glycosides extracted from citrus fruits, known for their diverse pharmacological properties. Diosmin is noted for its superior pharmacological properties, including enhanced vascular protection, improved capillary resistance, and better management of chronic venous insufficiency compared to hesperidin. Hesperidin is relatively more abundant than diosmin in nature; therefore, the conversion of hesperidin into diosmin can amplify these therapeutic benefits. In the current research study, we reported a novel one-pot iodine and copper iodide-catalyzed reaction for the conversion of hesperidin to diosmin. The value of six parameters, like solvent/meal ratio (3:1), temperature (110 °C), particle size (80 mesh), reaction time (3 h), and catalyst amount (2.9% molar equivalent), is achieved using the Python-generated harmonized search algorithm for yield optimization. The synthesized diosmin demonstrates a high purity of 96.41% as verified by HPTLC, with a recovery yield between 75% and 89% under different conditions. This efficient method offers a significant advancement in the production of high-purity diosmin from hesperidin.

Graphical Abstract