<p>Natural Protected Areas (NPAs) constitute a conservation strategy that, in many cases, has effectively prevented local biodiversity loss. However, many NPAs lack detailed information on how different bird communities respond to changes in local vegetation characteristics and land use from human activities. In this study, we assessed the relationship between bird taxonomic diversity and changes in local vegetation abundance and height, as well as land cover types, in a human-modified landscape within the Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve. We found 85 bird species, of which 54 were considered resident, 26 were winter migrants, and five were exotic. The Hill-Shannon diversity of the entire bird community was positively associated with plant abundance at the local scale and pecan tree cover at the landscape scale. Pecan tree cover was positively related to the abundance, richness, and Hill-Shannon diversity of migratory birds. In contrast, resident birds were not influenced by environmental factors. Exotic bird abundance declined with increases in local plants and native vegetation cover. We conclude that our study highlights the importance of local habitat and landscape characteristics as factors shaping bird communities in an agricultural landscape in Mexico.</p>