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<p>There are no reports on the incubation behavior or incubation rhythm of the wild populations of the spot-billed duck <i>Anas zonorhyncha</i>, a female uniparental incubation species. To obtain basic information on the breeding behavior of this duck, we carried out a field survey from mid-April to early June 2021 and 2022, in which infrared triggered cameras were used to monitor the ducks at Caohai, the southernmost breeding stronghold of this species in China. Our camera recorded 11 incubation behaviors, of which the 3 most time-consuming behaviors were incubation (65.62%), resting (34.61%), and nodding (27.11%), and the other 8 behaviors were all less than 2% each. Three previously unreported incubating duck behaviors were observed: yawning, tussling (rigorously with congener intruders), and keeping active in the nest at night. Multiple behaviors indicate that this species has a strong nest defense habit. The ducks had incubation rhythms with long on- and off-bout durations and low off-bout frequencies. The nest attentiveness of the female ducks was 82.35% (range = 28.47–98.61%). The on- and off-bout durations were 481.79&#xa0;min (range = 10–1290&#xa0;min) and 115.38&#xa0;min (range = 10–910&#xa0;min), respectively. The ducks left their nests 2.28 times (range = 1–5 times) per 24&#xa0;h. The larger the clutch size was, the more time the ducks spent on the nest attentiveness. The day/night ratio of nest attentiveness decreased with increasing incubation time. The mean off-bout durations decreased with date and clutch size. The off-bout frequencies during the day were significantly greater than those at night. Our research provides basic information about the incubation behavior and incubation rhythm of wild populations of ducks in alpine wetland ecosystems.</p>

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Infrared camera monitoring of the breeding behavior of the spot-billed duck Anas zonorhyncha in the Caohai national nature reserve, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月28日

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  • Zukui Luo,
  • Yang Li,
  • Xi Xu,
  • Yubao Liu,
  • Yanming Chen,
  • Jie Li

摘要

There are no reports on the incubation behavior or incubation rhythm of the wild populations of the spot-billed duck Anas zonorhyncha, a female uniparental incubation species. To obtain basic information on the breeding behavior of this duck, we carried out a field survey from mid-April to early June 2021 and 2022, in which infrared triggered cameras were used to monitor the ducks at Caohai, the southernmost breeding stronghold of this species in China. Our camera recorded 11 incubation behaviors, of which the 3 most time-consuming behaviors were incubation (65.62%), resting (34.61%), and nodding (27.11%), and the other 8 behaviors were all less than 2% each. Three previously unreported incubating duck behaviors were observed: yawning, tussling (rigorously with congener intruders), and keeping active in the nest at night. Multiple behaviors indicate that this species has a strong nest defense habit. The ducks had incubation rhythms with long on- and off-bout durations and low off-bout frequencies. The nest attentiveness of the female ducks was 82.35% (range = 28.47–98.61%). The on- and off-bout durations were 481.79 min (range = 10–1290 min) and 115.38 min (range = 10–910 min), respectively. The ducks left their nests 2.28 times (range = 1–5 times) per 24 h. The larger the clutch size was, the more time the ducks spent on the nest attentiveness. The day/night ratio of nest attentiveness decreased with increasing incubation time. The mean off-bout durations decreased with date and clutch size. The off-bout frequencies during the day were significantly greater than those at night. Our research provides basic information about the incubation behavior and incubation rhythm of wild populations of ducks in alpine wetland ecosystems.